Probing the initial conditions of High Mass Star formation -- I. Deuteration and depletion in high mass pre/protocluster clumps

TL;DR

This study investigates deuteration and depletion in high-mass star-forming regions, revealing high deuteration levels and CO depletion in cold cores, which are indicative of early star formation phases.

Contribution

It provides the first extensive survey of deuteration and depletion in high-mass pre/protocluster clumps, highlighting their potential as early star formation indicators.

Findings

65% of sources show strong NH2D emission

Over 50% exhibit high deuteration levels (up to 0.7)

No detection of NHD2 in two sources

Abstract

UltraCompact HII regions are signposts of high mass star formation. Since high-mass star formation occurs in clusters, one expects to find even earlier phases of massive star formation in the vicinity of UltraCompact HII regions. Here, we study the amount of deuteration and depletion toward pre/protocluster clumps found in a wide-field (10 X 10 arcmin) census of clouds in 32 massive star-forming regions that are known to harbour UCHII regions. We find that 65% of the observed sources have strong NH2D emission and more than 50% of the sources exhibit a high degree of deuteration, (0.1 < NH2D/NH3 < 0.7), 0.7 being the highest observed deuteration of NH3 reported to date. Our search for NHD2 in two sources did not result in a detection. The enhancement in deuteration coincides with moderate CO depletion onto dust grains. There is no evidence of a correlation between the two processes, though an underlying correlation cannot be ruled out as the depletion factor is very likely to be only a lower limit. In summary, we find CO depletion and high deuteration towards cold cores in massive star forming regions. Therefore, these are good candidates for sources at the early phases of massive star formation. While our sensitive upper limits on NHD2 do not prove the predictions of the gas-phase and grain chemistry models wrong, an enhancement of ~10^4 over the cosmic D/H ratio from NH2D warrants explanation.