Multifrequency variability of the blazar AO 0235+164. The WEBT campaign in 2004-2005 and long-term SED analysis

TL;DR

This study presents a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of the blazar AO 0235+164 during 2004-2005, revealing complex variability patterns, spectral energy distribution changes, and potential long-term correlations across different electromagnetic bands.

Contribution

The paper provides new multiwavelength observational data and long-term spectral energy distribution analysis of AO 0235+164, highlighting variability patterns and possible delayed correlations not previously documented.

Findings

Increased optical and near-IR activity in 2004-2005 compared to previous season.

Absence of the predicted radio and optical outburst around 2004.

Detection of a longer 8-year characteristic variability time scale.

Abstract

A huge multiwavelength campaign targeting the blazar AO 0235+164 was organized by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) in 2003-2005 to study the variability properties of the source. Monitoring observations were carried out at cm and mm wavelengths, and in the near-IR and optical bands, while three pointings by the XMM-Newton satellite provided information on the X-ray and UV emission. We present the data acquired during the second observing season, 2004-2005, by 27 radio-to-optical telescopes. They reveal an increased near-IR and optical activity with respect to the previous season. Increased variability is also found at the higher radio frequencies, down to 15 GHz, but not at the lower ones. The radio (and optical) outburst predicted to peak around February-March 2004 on the basis of the previously observed 5-6 yr quasi-periodicity did not occur. The analysis of the optical light curves reveals now a longer characteristic time scale of 8 yr, which is also present in the radio data. The spectral energy distributions corresponding to the XMM-Newton observations performed during the WEBT campaign are compared with those pertaining to previous pointings of X-ray satellites. Bright, soft X-ray spectra can be described in terms of an extra component, which appears also when the source is faint through a hard UV spectrum and a curvature of the X-ray spectrum. Finally, there might be a correlation between the X-ray and optical bright states with a long time delay of about 5 yr, which would require a geometrical interpretation.