The ratio of N(C18O) and Av in Chamaeleon I and III-B using 2MASS and SEST

TL;DR

This study examines the relationship between C18O column density and visual extinction in Chamaeleon I and III clouds, revealing variations linked to star formation activity and dense core depletion, using combined SEST and 2MASS data.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of N(C18O) and Av ratios in two clouds, highlighting depletion effects and their correlation with dense, cold cores, which was not previously detailed.

Findings

N(C18O)/Av ratios are similar in Cha I and III, close to other clouds.

Deviations in ratios indicate depletion in dense, cold cores.

Dense cores coincide with dust temperature minima.

Abstract

We investigate the relationship between the C18O column density and the visual extinction in Chamaeleon I and in a part of the Chamaeleon III molecular cloud. The C18O column densities, N(C18O), are calculated from J=1-0 rotational line data observed with the SEST telescope. The visual extinctions, Av, are derived using JHK photometry from the 2MASS survey and the NICER color excess technique. In contrast with the previous results of Hayakawa et al. (2001), we find that the average N(C18O) / Av ratios are similar in Cha I and Cha III, and lie close to values derived for other clouds, i.e. N(C18O) ~ 2 x 10^14 cm^-2 (Av - 2). We find, however, clear deviations from this average relationship towards individual clumps. Larger than average N(C18O) / Av ratios can be found in clumps associated with the active star forming region in the northern part of Ch a I. On the other hand, some regions in the relatively quiescent southern part of Cha I show smaller than average N(C18O) / Av ratios and also very shallow proportionality between N(C18O) and Av. The shallow proportionality suggests that C18O is heavily depleted in these regions. As the degree of depletion is proportional to the gas density, these regions probably contain very dense, cold cores, which do not stand out in CO mappings. A comparison with the dust temperature map derived from the ISO data shows that the most prominent of the potentially depleted cores indeed coincides with a dust temperature minimum. It seems therefore feasible to use N(C18O) and Av data together for identifying old, dense cores in large scale mappings.