Properties of detached shells around carbon stars: Evidence of interacting winds

TL;DR

This study investigates detached shells around carbon stars, providing evidence of wind interactions, and suggests these features are linked to thermal pulses, with detailed modeling and new observations revealing their properties and origins.

Contribution

The paper offers the first comprehensive radiative transfer modeling of detached shells around carbon stars, demonstrating wind interactions and linking these phenomena to thermal pulses.

Findings

Shell masses increase with radius and velocities decrease.

Mass-loss rate during shell formation was about 10^-5 solar masses/year.

Detected a new detached shell around DR Ser similar to U Cam.

Abstract

The nature of the mechanism responsible for producing the spectacular, geometrically thin, spherical shells found around some carbon stars has been an enigma for some time. Based on extensive radiative transfer modelling of both CO line emission and dust continuum radiation for all objects with known detached molecular shells, we present compelling evidence that these shells show clear signs of interaction with a surrounding medium. The derived masses of the shells increase with radial distance from the central star while their velocities decrease. A simple model for interacting winds indicate that the mass-loss rate producing the faster moving wind has to be almost two orders of magnitudes higher (~10^-5 solar masses per year) than the slower AGB wind (a few 10^-7 solar masses per year) preceding this violent event. At the same time, the present-day mass-loss rates are very low indicating that the epoch of high mass-loss rate was relatively short, on the order of a few hundred years. This, together with the number of sources exhibiting this phenomenon, suggests a connection with He-shell flashes (thermal pulses). We report the detection of a detached molecular shell around the carbon star DR Ser, as revealed from new single-dish CO (sub-)millimetre line observations. The properties of the shell are similar to those characterising the young shell around U Cam.