Outliers to the Isotropic Energy - Peak Energy Relation in GRBs

TL;DR

This paper tests the validity of the EpEi relation in GRBs using a large BATSE sample and finds that many bursts cannot satisfy this relation, suggesting observational biases influence the observed correlation.

Contribution

It introduces a new test to evaluate whether GRBs with unknown redshifts can satisfy the EpEi relation, highlighting potential biases in previous samples.

Findings

Many BATSE bursts cannot satisfy the EpEi relation.

Detection biases may influence the observed EpEi correlation.

Swift is predicted to detect outliers to the relation.

Abstract

The peak energy - isotropic energy (EpEi) relation is among the most intriguing recent discoveries concerning GRBs. It can have numerous implications on our understanding of the emission mechanism of the bursts and on the application of GRBs for cosmological studies. However, this relation was verified only for a small sample of bursts with measured redshifts. We propose here a test whether a burst with an unknown redshift can potentially satisfy the EpEi relation. Applying this test to a large sample of BATSE bursts we find that a significant fraction of those bursts cannot satisfy this relation. Our test is sensitive only to dim and hard bursts and therefore this relation might still hold as an inequality (i.e. there are no intrinsically bright and soft bursts). We conclude that the observed relation seen in the sample of bursts with a known redshift might be influenced by observational biases and from the inability to locate and well localize hard and weak bursts that have only a small number of photons. In particular we point out that the threshold for detection, localization and redshift measurement is essentially higher than the threshold for detection alone. We predict that Swift will detect some hard and weak bursts that would be outliers to the EpEi relation. However, we cannot quantify this prediction. We stress the importance of understanding the detection-localization-redshift threshold for the coming Swift detections.