The Formaldehyde Masers in NGC 7538 and G29.96-0.02: VLBA, MERLIN, and VLA Observations

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution VLBA, MERLIN, and VLA observations to image and analyze formaldehyde masers in NGC 7538 and G29.96-0.02, revealing their sizes, brightness temperatures, variability, and polarization limits.

Contribution

First high-resolution imaging of formaldehyde masers in these regions, providing detailed size, temperature, variability, and polarization constraints.

Findings

NGC 7538 masers are ~10 mas with brightness temperatures ~10^8 K.

G29.96-0.02 masers are ~20 mas with brightness temperatures ~10^7 K.

NGC 7538 masers show 5-10 year variability, G29.96-0.02 do not.

Abstract

The 6 cm formaldehyde (H2CO) maser sources in the compact HII regions NGC 7538-IRS1 and G29.96-0.02 have been imaged at high resolution (beams < 50 mas). Using the VLBA and MERLIN, we find the angular sizes of the NGC 7538 masers to be ~10 mas (30 AU) corresponding to brightness temperatures ~10^8 K. The angular sizes of the G29.96-0.02 masers are ~20 mas (130 AU) corresponding to brightness temperatures ~10^7 K. Using the VLA, we detect 2 cm formaldehyde absorption from the maser regions. We detect no emission in the 2 cm line, indicating the lack of a 2 cm maser and placing limits on the 6 cm excitation process. We find that both NGC 7538 maser components show an increase in intensity on 5-10 year timescales while the G29.96-0.02 masers show no variability over 2 years. A search for polarization provides 3-sigma upper limits of 1% circularly polarized and 10% linearly polarized emission in NGC 7538 and of 15% circularly polarized emission in G29.96-0.02. A pronounced velocity gradient of 28 km/s/arcsecond (1900 km/s/pc) is detected in the NGC 7538 maser gas.