The central region of M31 observed with XMM-Newton. II. Variability of the individual sources

TL;DR

This study analyzes X-ray source variability in M31's core using XMM-Newton data, revealing transient sources, pulsations, and variability patterns that suggest diverse astrophysical phenomena including black hole candidates and white dwarf systems.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed variability analysis of X-ray sources in M31's central region, identifying new transient sources and pulsating objects with potential implications for understanding compact objects.

Findings

Discovered a new bright transient source near M31's nucleus.

Detected pulsations with an ~865 s period indicating a white dwarf.

Found that at least 15% of bright sources vary over months.

Abstract

We present the results of a study of the variability of X-ray sources in the central 30' of the nearby Andromeda Galaxy (M31) based on XMM Performance Verification observations. Two observations of this field, with a total exposure time of about 50 ks, were performed in June and December of 2000. We found 116 sources brighter than a limiting luminosity of 6 x 10(35) erg/s (0.3--12 keV, d=760 kpc). For the ~60 brightest sources, we searched for periodic and non-periodic variability; at least 15% of these sources appear to be variable on a time scale of several months. We discovered a new bright transient source ~2.9' from the nucleus in the June observation; this source faded significantly and was no longer detected in December. The behaviour of the object is similar to a handful of Galactic LMXB transients, most of which are supposed to harbor black holes. We detected pulsations with a period of \~865 s from a source with a supersoft spectrum. The flux of this source decreased significantly between the two XMM observations. The detected period is unusually short and points to a rapidly spinning magnetized white dwarf. The high luminosity and transient nature of the source suggest its possible identification with classical or symbiotic nova, some of which were observed earlier as supersoft sources.