On the question of trapped surfaces and black holes

TL;DR

The paper argues that observed compact objects labeled as black hole candidates cannot be true black holes under general relativity, proposing alternative explanations for their properties and observational signatures.

Contribution

It challenges the conventional interpretation of black hole candidates, suggesting they are not genuine black holes due to fundamental relativistic constraints.

Findings

Black Hole Candidates cannot be true black holes per general relativity.

Such objects may explain high-energy X-ray emissions.

Lorentz factors of accreting plasma are higher than in neutron stars.

Abstract

There are many observational evidences for the detection of compact objects with masses significantly larger (in galactic cases) or much larger (in extragalactic cases) than the upper limits of masses of em cold Neutron Stars. Such compact objects are commonly interpreted as Black Holes (BHs). However, we point out that while such Black Hole Candidates (BHCs) must be similar to BHs in many respects they, actually, can not be BHs because existence of Black Holes would violate the basic tenet of the General Theory of Relativity that the worldline of a material particle must be TIMELIKE at any regular region of spacetime. We arrive at this unique conclusion by approaching the problem from various directions. We feel that such ``operational'' Black Holes could be able to explain hard X-ray tail found in the galactic BHCs because Lorentz factor of the plasma accreting on such objects should be considerably higher than the corresponding NS case.