A wide field survey at the Northern Ecliptic Pole: II. Number counts and galaxy colours in B_j, R, and K

TL;DR

This survey of the Northern Ecliptic Pole in B_j, R, and K bands provides detailed galaxy counts, color distributions, and identifies rare objects like high-redshift galaxy candidates and EROs over a large area.

Contribution

It offers the first combined optical and near-infrared survey at this depth and area, analyzing galaxy counts, colors, and rare objects with improved statistical significance.

Findings

Confirmed slopes of galaxy number counts with higher significance.

Observed steady reddening in R-K colors not matched by standard galaxy evolution models.

Identified and characterized the surface density of EROs and high-redshift galaxy candidates.

Abstract

We present a medium deep survey carried out in the three filters B_j, R and K. The survey covers homogeneously the central square degree around the Northern Ecliptic Pole (NEP) down to a completeness limit of 24.25, 23.0 and 17.5mag in B_j, R and K, respectively. While the near infrared data have been presented in the first paper of this series, here we concentrate on the optical data and the results based on the combined B_jRK-data. The unique combination of area and depth in our survey allows to perform a variety of investigations based on homogeneous material covering more than ten magnitudes in apparent brightness. We analyze the number counts for point-like and extended sources in B_j and R to determine the slopes in dlogN/dm and to test for possible breaks therein. While we can confirm the slopes found in previous works with a higher statistical significance, the largest uncertainty remaining for the amplitudes is galactic extinction. We determine the colour distributions of galaxies in B_j-R and R-K down to B_j=24.0 and K=18.0mag, respectively. The distributions in both colours are modeled using galaxy spectral evolution synthesis. We demonstrate that the standard models of galaxy evolution are unable to reproduce the steady reddening trend in R-K despite flawless fits to the colour distributions in the optical (B_j-R). The B_jRK data collected over a large area provides the opportunity to select rare objects like candidates for high-redshift galaxies and extremely red objects (EROs, R-K>5.0) and to determine their surface density. Our EROs are selected at an intermediate magnitude range and contain contribution from both galactic as well as extragalactic sources. At K<16.5mag, where a morphological classification is possible, the stellar component dominates the sample.