The HST view of the FR I / FR II dichotomy

TL;DR

This study uses HST images to analyze the nuclear properties of FR I and FR II radio galaxies, revealing diverse behaviors and challenging the traditional dichotomy between their morphologies and nuclear characteristics.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of nuclear properties of FR I and FR II galaxies, highlighting the heterogeneity within FR II and implications for AGN unification models.

Findings

FR I nuclei follow a tight radio-optical luminosity correlation.

FR II galaxies show varied nuclear properties related to spectral classification.

Some FR II nuclei resemble FR I, especially in cluster environments.

Abstract

In order to explore how the FR I / FR II dichotomy is related to the nuclear properties of radio galaxies, we studied a complete sample of 26 nearby FR II radio galaxies using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images and compared them with a sample of FR I previously analyzed. FR I nuclei lie in the radio-optical luminosity plane along a tight linear correlation, which argues for a common synchrotron origin. FR II show a more complex behavior, which is however clearly related to their optical spectral classification. Broad line FR II radio galaxies (BLRG) are located overall well above the FR I correlation, suggesting that a contribution from thermal (disc) emission is present. Three narrow line (NLRG) and one weak line radio galaxy (WLRG), in which no nuclear source is seen, can be interpreted as the obscured counter-parts of BLRG, in agreement with the current unification schemes. Conversely, in 5 sources of the sample, all of them NLRG or WLRG, optical cores are located on the same correlation defined by FR I and with similar radio and optical luminosities. This suggests that, in analogy to FR I, the emission is dominated by synchrotron radiation and represents the optical counter-part of the non-thermal radio cores. Interestingly, all these galaxies are located in clusters, an environment typical of FR I. These results imply that, at least at low redshifts, the FR II population is not homogeneous. Furthermore, the traditional dichotomy between edge darkened and brightened radio morphology is not univocally connected with the innermost nuclear structure, as we find FR~II with FR I-like nuclei and this has interesting bearings from the point of view of the AGN unified models.