# Advances in vitiligo: Update on therapeutic targets **Authors:** Yifei Feng, Yan Lu PMC · DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986918 · Frontiers in Immunology · 2022-08-31 ## TL;DR This paper reviews recent progress in vitiligo treatment, focusing on new molecular targets and therapies that could improve outcomes for patients. ## Contribution The paper introduces recent advancements in identifying molecular targets and applying targeted therapies for vitiligo. ## Key findings - Molecular-targeted therapies have shown promise in treating skin diseases like psoriasis and lupus. - Cytokines and signaling pathways are increasingly recognized in vitiligo's development. - New molecular targets are being explored for more effective vitiligo treatments. ## Abstract Vitiligo, whose treatment remains a serious concern and challenge, is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by patches of depigmentation. The increasing application of molecular-targeted therapy in skin diseases, such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus, has dramatically improved their condition. Besides, there is a favorable effect of repigmentation in the treatment of the above diseases combined with vitiligo, implying that molecular-targeted therapy may also have utility in vitiligo treatment. Recently, the role of cytokine and signaling pathways in vitiligo pathogenesis are increasingly recognized. Thus, investigations are underway targeting the molecules described above. In this paper, we present a synopsis of current practices in vitiligo treatment and introduce the improvement in identifying new molecular targets and applying molecular-targeted therapies, including those under development in vitiligo treatment, providing valuable insight into establishing further precision medicine for vitiligo patients. ## Linked entities - **Diseases:** vitiligo (MONDO:0008661), psoriasis (MONDO:0005083), systemic lupus erythematosus (MONDO:0007915) ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** CD8A (CD8 subunit alpha) [NCBI Gene 925] {aka CD8, CD8alpha, IMD116, Leu2, p32}, CXCL9 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9) [NCBI Gene 4283] {aka CMK, Humig, MIG, SCYB9, crg-10}, Hspa1b (heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B) [NCBI Gene 15511] {aka HSP70B1, Hsp70, Hsp70-1, Hsp70.1, hsp68}, CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10) [NCBI Gene 3627] {aka C7, IFI10, INP10, IP-10, SCYB10, crg-2}, HSPA1A (heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A) [NCBI Gene 3303] {aka HEL-S-103, HSP70, HSP70-1, HSP70-1A, HSP70-2, HSP70.1}, Trerf1 (transcriptional regulating factor 1) [NCBI Gene 224829] {aka 9430096I18Rik, B830015H24, RAPA, Trep-132, Trep132}, Mitf (melanogenesis associated transcription factor) [NCBI Gene 17342] {aka BCC2, Bhlhe32, Gsfbcc2, Vitiligo, Wh, bw}, MIR21 (microRNA 21) [NCBI Gene 406991] {aka MIRN21, hsa-mir-21, miR-21, miRNA21}, TP53 (tumor protein p53) [NCBI Gene 7157] {aka BCC7, BMFS5, LFS1, P53, TRP53}, MIR330 (microRNA 330) [NCBI Gene 442902] {aka MIRN330, hsa-mir-330, mir-330}, Trp2 (tRNA proline 2) [NCBI Gene 104042] {aka Trp-2}, MIR200C (microRNA 200c) [NCBI Gene 406985] {aka MIRN200C, mir-200c}, HLA-A (major histocompatibility complex, class I, A) [NCBI Gene 3105] {aka HLAA}, WNT7A (Wnt family member 7A) [NCBI Gene 7476] {aka SANTOS, Wnt-7a}, Trav6-3 (T cell receptor alpha variable 6-3) [NCBI Gene 328483] {aka Gm13948, Gm193, Gm4, TCR}, Nr1i3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3) [NCBI Gene 12355] {aka CAR, CAR-beta, Care2, ESTM32, MB67}, MIR25 (microRNA 25) [NCBI Gene 407014] {aka MIRN25, hsa-mir-25, miR-25}, MIR577 (microRNA 577) [NCBI Gene 693162] {aka MIRN577, hsa-mir-577, mir-577}, trm (tremor) [NCBI Gene 22052], Ccr4 (C-C motif chemokine receptor 4) [NCBI Gene 12773] {aka C-C CKR-4, CHEMR1, Cmkbr4, LESTR, Sdf1r}, MIR377 (microRNA 377) [NCBI Gene 494326] {aka MIRN377, hsa-mir-377, mir-377}, MIR155 (microRNA 155) [NCBI Gene 406947] {aka MIRN155, miRNA155, mir-155}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, Tyk2 (tyrosine kinase 2) [NCBI Gene 54721] {aka JTK1}, MIR184 (microRNA 184) [NCBI Gene 406960] {aka EDICT, MIRN184, miR-184}, MIR421 (microRNA 421) [NCBI Gene 693122] {aka MIRN421, hsa-mir-421}, Cxcr3 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3) [NCBI Gene 12766] {aka Cd183, Cmkar3}, FSD1 (fibronectin type III and SPRY domain containing 1) [NCBI Gene 79187] {aka GLFND, MIR1}, RAB27A (RAB27A, member RAS oncogene family) [NCBI Gene 5873] {aka GS2, HsT18676, RAB27, RAM}, Jak1 (Janus kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 16451] {aka BAP004, C130039L05Rik}, IFNA1 (interferon alpha 1) [NCBI Gene 3439] {aka IFL, IFN, IFN-ALPHA, IFN-alphaD, IFNA13, IFNA@}, CD274 (CD274 molecule) [NCBI Gene 29126] {aka ADMIO5, B7-H, B7H1, PD-L1, PDCD1L1, PDCD1LG1}, MIR34A (microRNA 34a) [NCBI Gene 407040] {aka MIRN34A, miRNA34A, mir-34, mir-34a}, Hmox1 (heme oxygenase 1) [NCBI Gene 15368] {aka D8Wsu38e, HO-1, HO1, Hemox, Hmox, Hsp32}, IFNG (interferon gamma) [NCBI Gene 3458] {aka IFG, IFI, IMD69}, Il23a (interleukin 23, alpha subunit p19) [NCBI Gene 83430] {aka IL-23, p19}, TRPM1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1) [NCBI Gene 4308] {aka CSNB1C, LTRPC1, MLSN1}, CTNNB1 (catenin beta 1) [NCBI Gene 1499] {aka CTNNB, EVR7, MRD19, NEDSDV, armadillo}, IL1B (interleukin 1 beta) [NCBI Gene 3553] {aka IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1F2, IL1beta}, MIR211 (microRNA 211) [NCBI Gene 406993] {aka MIRN211, mir-211}, TXK (TXK tyrosine kinase) [NCBI Gene 7294] {aka BTKL, PSCTK5, PTK4, RLK, TKL}, Il15 (interleukin 15) [NCBI Gene 16168] {aka IL-15}, MIR183 (microRNA 183) [NCBI Gene 406959] {aka MIRN183, miR-183, miRNA183}, Cd274 (CD274 antigen) [NCBI Gene 60533] {aka A530045L16Rik, B7h1, Pdcd1l1, Pdcd1lg1, Pdl1}, IL17RA (interleukin 17 receptor A) [NCBI Gene 23765] {aka CANDF5, CD217, CDw217, IL-17RA, IL17R, IMD51}, Nfkb1 (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105) [NCBI Gene 18033] {aka NF-KB1, NF-kappaB, NF-kappaB1, p105, p50, p50/p105}, Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) [NCBI Gene 20963] {aka Sykb}, TRBV20OR9-2 (T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)) [NCBI Gene 6962] {aka CDR3, TCRBV20S2, TCRBV2O, TCRBV2S2O}, MIR203A (microRNA 203a) [NCBI Gene 406986] {aka MIR203, MIRN203, hsa-mir-203a, miR-203, miRNA203, mir-203a}, MIR2909 (microRNA 2909) [NCBI Gene 100422969], AXIN1 (axin 1) [NCBI Gene 8312] {aka AXIN, CMDOH, PPP1R49}, Jak3 (Janus kinase 3) [NCBI Gene 16453] {aka fae, wil}, SOX6 (SRY-box transcription factor 6) [NCBI Gene 55553] {aka HSSOX6, SOXD, TOLCAS}, Nfatc1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin dependent 1) [NCBI Gene 18018] {aka 2210017P03Rik, NF-ATc, NFAT2, NFATc, Nfatcb}, CXCR3 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3) [NCBI Gene 2833] {aka CD182, CD183, CKR-L2, CMKAR3, GPR9, IP10-R}, CREB1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) [NCBI Gene 1385] {aka CREB, CREB-1}, Il10 (interleukin 10) [NCBI Gene 16153] {aka CSIF, If2a, Il-10}, MIR383 (microRNA 383) [NCBI Gene 494332] {aka MIRN383, hsa-mir-383, mir-383}, Ifng (interferon gamma) [NCBI Gene 15978] {aka IFN-g, If2f, Ifg}, MIR137 (microRNA 137) [NCBI Gene 406928] {aka MIRN137, miR-137} - **Diseases:** MS (MESH:D009103), toxicity (MESH:D064420), autoimmune skin disease (MESH:D012871), NSV (MESH:D014820), cytopenia (MESH:D006402), vitiligo lesions (OMIM:606579), psoriasis (MESH:D011565), RA (MESH:D001172), malignancies (MESH:D009369), polycythemia vera (MESH:D011087), Micro-injury (MESH:C536681), alopecia areata (MESH:D000506), myelofibrosis (MESH:D055728), systemic lupus erythematosus (MESH:D008180), IBD (MESH:D015212), AS (MESH:D013167), infection (MESH:D007239), pigmentation (MESH:D010859), autoimmune diseases (MESH:D001327), leukemias (MESH:D007938), Crohn's disease (MESH:D003424), uveitis (MESH:D014605), PsA (MESH:D015535), ulcerative colitis (MESH:D003093), Behcet's disease (MESH:D001528), lymphomas (MESH:D008223), inflammatory (MESH:D007249) - **Chemicals:** vitamin D. (MESH:D014807), Mometasone furoate (MESH:D000068656), Tofacitinib (MESH:C479163), adalimumab (MESH:D000068879), OPZELURA (MESH:C540383), Brepocitinib (MESH:C000630838), H2O2 (MESH:D006861), Infliximab (MESH:D000069285), melanin (MESH:D008543), Hemin (MESH:D006427), ATI-50002 (-), phenanthridine (MESH:D010617), Tacrolimus (MESH:D016559), Psoralen (MESH:D005363), neomycin (MESH:D009355), Ustekinumab (MESH:D000069549), pimecrolimus (MESH:C117268), PF-06651600 (MESH:C000614924), secukinumab (MESH:C555450), Cyclosporine (MESH:D016572), Cerdulatinib (MESH:C000595259), calcium (MESH:D002118), LNA (MESH:C477371), mycophenolate mofetil (MESH:D009173), Rapamycin (MESH:D020123), Baricitinib (MESH:C000596027), methotrexate (MESH:D008727), Rituximab (MESH:D000069283), (MESH:D016207) - **Species:** Sus scrofa (pig, species) [taxon 9823], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Adeno-associated virus (species) [taxon 272636], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090] - **Mutations:** rs11614913 - **Cell lines:** h3TA2 — Mus musculus (Mouse), Malignant neoplasms of the mouse mammary gland, Cancer cell line (CVCL_4315), XMG-6 — Mus musculus (Mouse), Hybridoma (CVCL_2H37), SKL2001 — Homo sapiens (Human), Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A, Induced pluripotent stem cell (CVCL_YR67) ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC9471423/full.md ## Figures 1 figure with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC9471423/full.md ## References 105 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC9471423/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC9471423