# Viral-mediated activation and inhibition of programmed cell death

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how viruses manipulate programmed cell death to influence their survival and spread within host cells.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of viral strategies to activate or inhibit various forms of programmed cell death.

## Key findings

- Viruses modulate multiple types of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis.
- The mechanisms by which viruses manipulate programmed cell death are not fully understood for all modalities.
- Modulation of programmed cell death impacts viral pathogenesis and antiviral immunity.

## Abstract

Viruses are ubiquitous intracellular genetic parasites that heavily rely on the infected cell to complete their replication life cycle. This dependency on the host machinery forces viruses to modulate a variety of cellular processes including cell survival and cell death. Viruses are known to activate and block almost all types of programmed cell death (PCD) known so far. Modulating PCD in infected hosts has a variety of direct and indirect effects on viral pathogenesis and antiviral immunity. The mechanisms leading to apoptosis following virus infection is widely studied, but several modalities of PCD, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and paraptosis, are relatively understudied. In this review, we cover the mechanisms by which viruses activate and inhibit PCDs and suggest perspectives on how these affect viral pathogenesis and immunity.