# Long-term outcomes of pediatric infections: from traditional infectious diseases to long covid

**Authors:** Danilo Buonsenso, Leonardo Di Gennaro, Cristina De Rose, Rosa Morello, Federico D'Ilario, Giuseppe Zampino, Michele Piazza, Attilio L Boner, Cecilia Iraci, Sarah O'Connell, Valentina B Cohen, Susanna Esposito, Daniel Munblit, Joseph Reena, Louise Sigfrid, Piero Valentini

PMC · DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0031 · 2022-03-10

## TL;DR

This paper examines the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 and other infections in children, drawing insights from a post-covid unit in Rome.

## Contribution

The paper provides insights into pediatric long covid and compares it to long-term effects of other infectious diseases.

## Key findings

- Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 in children are not well understood.
- Lessons from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome highlight the need for more research.
- Long-term post-infectious effects are not unique to SARS-CoV-2.

## Abstract

There is limited evidence available on the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. In this article, the authors analyze the recent evidence on pediatric long covid and lessons learnt from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome, Italy. To gain a better understanding of the concerns raised by parents and physicians in relation to the potential long-term consequences of this novel infection, it is important to recognize that long-term effect of a post-infectious disease is not a new phenomenon.

The authors analyze the recent evidence on pediatric long covid and lessons learnt from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome, Italy. Also, we analyze the long-term effects of other infectious diseases.

An analysis of the recent evidence on pediatric long covid and lessons learnt from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome, Italy.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** SARS-CoV-2 (MONDO:0100096)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** FCGR3A (Fc gamma receptor IIIa) [NCBI Gene 2214] {aka CD16-II, CD16A, FCG3, FCGR3, FCRIIIA, FcGRIIIA}, NEFL (neurofilament light chain) [NCBI Gene 4747] {aka CMT1F, CMT2E, CMTDIG, NF-L, NF68, NFL}, GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) [NCBI Gene 2670] {aka ALXDRD}, TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor) [NCBI Gene 7035] {aka EPI, LACI, TFI, TFPI1}, TCF4 (transcription factor 4) [NCBI Gene 6925] {aka CDG2T, E2-2, FCD2, FECD3, ITF-2, ITF2}, F12 (coagulation factor XII) [NCBI Gene 2161] {aka HAE3, HAEX, HAF}, KLK4 (kallikrein related peptidase 4) [NCBI Gene 9622] {aka AI2A1, ARM1, EMSP, EMSP1, KLK-L1, PRSS17}, ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) [NCBI Gene 59272] {aka ACEH}, AGT (angiotensinogen) [NCBI Gene 183] {aka ANHU, SERPINA8, hFLT1}, F2 (coagulation factor II, thrombin) [NCBI Gene 2147] {aka PT, RPRGL2, THPH1}, JTB (jumping translocation breakpoint) [NCBI Gene 10899] {aka HJTB, HSPC222, PAR, hJT}, ADAMTS13 (ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13) [NCBI Gene 11093] {aka ADAM-TS13, ADAMTS-13, C9orf8, VWFCP, vWF-CP}, IL2 (interleukin 2) [NCBI Gene 3558] {aka IL-2, TCGF, lymphokine}, IL1A (interleukin 1 alpha) [NCBI Gene 3552] {aka IL-1 alpha, IL-1A, IL1, IL1-ALPHA, IL1F1}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, PROCR (protein C receptor) [NCBI Gene 10544] {aka CCCA, CCD41, EPCR}, VWF (von Willebrand factor) [NCBI Gene 7450] {aka F8VWF, VWD}, IL6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 3569] {aka BSF-2, BSF2, CDF, HGF, HSF, IFN-beta-2}, SERPINC1 (serpin family C member 1) [NCBI Gene 462] {aka AT3, AT3D, ATIII, ATIII-R2, ATIII-T1, ATIII-T2}, THBD (thrombomodulin) [NCBI Gene 7056] {aka AHUS6, BDCA-3, BDCA3, CD141, THPH12, THRM}, F3 (coagulation factor III, tissue factor) [NCBI Gene 2152] {aka CD142, TF, TFA}, PLAT (plasminogen activator, tissue type) [NCBI Gene 5327] {aka T-PA, TPA}, FGB (fibrinogen beta chain) [NCBI Gene 2244] {aka HEL-S-78p}, REN (renin) [NCBI Gene 5972] {aka ADTKD4, HNFJ2, RTD}, COX8A (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A) [NCBI Gene 1351] {aka COX, COX8, COX8-2, COX8L, MC4DN15, VIII}
- **Diseases:** Poliomyelitis (MESH:D011051), Cancers (MESH:D009369), aggression (MESH:D010554), muscle weakness (MESH:D018908), Allergic (MESH:D004342), tuberculosis (MESH:D014376), brain injury (MESH:D001930), respiratory problems (MESH:D012818), concentration difficulties (MESH:C567712), neurological disease (MESH:D020271), Fever (MESH:D005334), immune dysregulation (OMIM:614878), tachycardia (MESH:D013610), neurologic symptoms (MESH:D009461), infectious mononucleosis (MESH:D007244), arrhythmic (OMIM:212500), hyposmia (MESH:D000086582), immunothrombosis (MESH:D000090882), neurological/neuropsychiatric symptoms (MESH:D009422), mood lability (MESH:D005166), Arterial and venous thromboembolism (MESH:D054556), cough (MESH:D003371), metabolic defects (MESH:D008659), MIS-C (MESH:C000718087), Asthma (MESH:D001249), chronic inflammation (MESH:D007249), cognitive and psychological problems (MESH:D003072), Asthmatic bronchitis (MESH:D001991), viral (MESH:D014777), Prematurity (MESH:C536271), mast cell activation syndrome (MESH:D000090267), chronic pain (MESH:D059350), Henoch-Schonlein purpura (MESH:D011695), depression (MESH:D003866), lymphopenia (MESH:D008231), Chronic fatigue (MESH:D015673), insomnia (MESH:D007319), Rash (MESH:D005076), Headache (MESH:D006261), abdominal pain (MESH:D015746), psychosomatic problems (MESH:D011602), ageusia (MESH:D000370), alveolar capillary microthrombosis (MESH:C536590), endothelial damage (MESH:D014652), pericarditis (MESH:D010493), bronchiolitis (MESH:D001988), Palpitations (MESH:D006331), Organ damage (MESH:D000092124), long covid (MESH:D000094024), constitutional symptoms (MESH:D005878), post-acute inflammation (MESH:D013313), Nasal congestion (MESH:D009668), COVID-19 infection (MESH:D000086382), Sleep problems (MESH:D012893), autoinflammation (MESH:D056660), post (MESH:D000094025), abnormal lung perfusion (MESH:D008171), chronic (MESH:D002908), D. Duchenne (MESH:D020388), thromboembolism (MESH:D013923)
- **Chemicals:** Phyto (-), Melatonin (MESH:D008550), ROS (MESH:D017382), Magnesium (MESH:D008274), Vitamin C (MESH:D001205), alcohol (MESH:D000438), Vitamin E (MESH:D014810), NO (MESH:D009569), Vitamin D (MESH:D014807), PGI2 (MESH:D011464), Selenium (MESH:D012643), Zinc (MESH:D015032), Paracetamol (MESH:D000082)
- **Species:** Streptococcus pyogenes (species) [taxon 1314], Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], human gammaherpesvirus 4 (Epstein Barr virus, no rank) [taxon 10376], Dengue virus (no rank) [taxon 12637], Chikungunya virus (no rank) [taxon 37124]

## Figures

5 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC8910780/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC8910780