# 3D bioprinting of complex tissues in vitro: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the latest developments in 3D bioprinting for creating complex tissue models used in drug testing and toxicology.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in 3D bioprinting techniques and bio-ink sources for tissue modeling.

## Key findings

- 3D bioprinting enables precise control over cell populations and tissue architecture for in vitro modeling.
- Recent advancements in bio-ink sources and printing techniques have improved the development of refined tissue models.
- Applications in cancer, heart, muscle, and liver tissues highlight the potential of 3D bioprinting in toxicological studies.

## Abstract

The pharmacology and toxicology of a broad variety of therapies and chemicals have significantly improved with the aid of the increasing in vitro models of complex human tissues. Offering versatile and precise control over the cell population, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, dynamic microenvironment, and sophisticated microarchitecture, which is desired for the in vitro modeling of complex tissues, 3D bio-printing is a rapidly growing technology to be employed in the field. In this review, we will discuss the recent advancement of printing techniques and bio-ink sources, which have been spurred on by the increasing demand for modeling tactics and have facilitated the development of the refined tissue models as well as the modeling strategies, followed by a state-of-the-art update on the specialized work on cancer, heart, muscle and liver. In the end, the toxicological modeling strategies, substantial challenges, and future perspectives for 3D printed tissue models were explored.