# Gene Transfer Potential of Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria may help spread antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.

## Contribution

The paper highlights OMVs as a novel mechanism for horizontal gene transfer in Gram-negative bacteria.

## Key findings

- OMVs can carry DNA molecules and contribute to horizontal gene transfer.
- Little is known about how DNA is packaged and transferred via OMVs.
- OMVs act as molecular carriers for toxins and virulence factors.

## Abstract

The increasing spread of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria is one of the major threats to public health worldwide. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance and virulence genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). A novel horizontal gene transfer mechanism mediated by outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) has been recently identified. OMVs are rounded nanostructures released during their growth by Gram-negative bacteria. Biologically active toxins and virulence factors are often entrapped within these vesicles that behave as molecular carriers. Recently, OMVs have been reported to contain DNA molecules, but little is known about the vesicle packaging, release, and transfer mechanisms. The present review highlights the role of OMVs in HGT processes in Gram-negative bacteria.