# Radiation of nitrogen‐metabolizing enzymes across the tree of life tracks environmental transitions in Earth history

## TL;DR

This study explores how nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes evolved across life's history, linking their spread to major environmental changes on early Earth.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the timing and mechanisms of nitrogen metabolism evolution using gene and species tree reconciliation.

## Key findings

- Molybdenum-based nitrogenase genes were horizontally transferred back to the Archean era.
- Nitrite-metabolizing genes proliferated during the Mesoproterozoic, coinciding with rising oxygen levels.
- Archean nitrate use may involve DNRA rather than denitrification, as suggested by gene transfer patterns.

## Abstract

Nitrogen is an essential element to life and exerts a strong control on global biological productivity. The rise and spread of nitrogen‐utilizing microbial metabolisms profoundly shaped the biosphere on the early Earth. Here, we reconciled gene and species trees to identify birth and horizontal gene transfer events for key nitrogen‐cycling genes, dated with a time‐calibrated tree of life, in order to examine the timing of the proliferation of these metabolisms across the tree of life. Our results provide new insights into the evolution of the early nitrogen cycle that expand on geochemical reconstructions. We observed widespread horizontal gene transfer of molybdenum‐based nitrogenase back to the Archean, minor horizontal transfer of genes for nitrate reduction in the Archean, and an increase in the proliferation of genes metabolizing nitrite around the time of the Mesoproterozoic (~1.5 Ga). The latter coincides with recent geochemical evidence for a mid‐Proterozoic rise in oxygen levels. Geochemical evidence of biological nitrate utilization in the Archean and early Proterozoic may reflect at least some contribution of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rather than pure denitrification to N2. Our results thus help unravel the relative dominance of two metabolic pathways that are not distinguishable with current geochemical tools. Overall, our findings thus provide novel constraints for understanding the evolution of the nitrogen cycle over time and provide insights into the bioavailability of various nitrogen sources in the early Earth with possible implications for the emergence of eukaryotic life.