# Promoter Architecture and Promoter Engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how promoters in yeast can be engineered to improve gene regulation for better metabolic engineering.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in promoter architecture and engineering in S. cerevisiae.

## Key findings

- Native promoters in S. cerevisiae have limitations like poor dynamic range and orthogonality.
- Synthetic promoters can be engineered to overcome these limitations.
- Machine learning is emerging as a powerful tool for designing synthetic promoters.

## Abstract

Promoters play an essential role in the regulation of gene expression for fine-tuning genetic circuits and metabolic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). However, native promoters in S. cerevisiae have several limitations which hinder their applications in metabolic engineering. These limitations include an inadequate number of well-characterized promoters, poor dynamic range, and insufficient orthogonality to endogenous regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to perform promoter engineering to create synthetic promoters with better properties. Here, we review recent advances related to promoter architecture, promoter engineering and synthetic promoter applications in S. cerevisiae. We also provide a perspective of future directions in this field with an emphasis on the recent advances of machine learning based promoter designs.