# Evaluation of MicroRNAs Regulating Anoikis Pathways and Its Therapeutic Potential

**Authors:** Sharan Malagobadan, Noor Hasima Nagoor

PMC · DOI: 10.1155/2015/716816 · BioMed Research International · 2015-10-26

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how microRNAs influence anoikis resistance in cancer cells and explores their potential for developing new cancer therapies.

## Contribution

The paper systematically reviews miRNAs involved in anoikis regulation and their therapeutic implications.

## Key findings

- Several miRNAs promote anoikis sensitivity in various cancer types.
- Other miRNAs inhibit anoikis, contributing to cancer progression.
- Key signaling pathways regulated by miRNAs in anoikis are identified.

## Abstract

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in almost every known survival mechanisms utilized by cancer cells. One of such mechanisms, anoikis resistance, plays a pivotal role in enabling metastasis by allowing cancer cells to circumvent cell death induced by lack of attachment. Understanding how miRNAs regulate the various anoikis pathways has become the research question of increasing number of studies published in the past years. Through these studies, a growing list of miRNAs has been identified to be important players in promoting either anoikis or resistance to anoikis. In this review, we will be focusing on these miRNAs and how the findings from those studies can contribute to novel therapeutic strategies against cancer progression. We will be examining miRNAs that have been found to promote anoikis sensitivity in numerous cancer types followed by miRNAs that inhibit anoikis. In addition, we will also be taking a look at major signaling pathways involved in the action of the each of these miRNAs to gain a better understanding on how miRNAs regulate anoikis.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** cancer (MONDO:0004992)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** DUSP2 (dual specificity phosphatase 2) [NCBI Gene 1844] {aka PAC-1, PAC1}, MIR34A (microRNA 34a) [NCBI Gene 407040] {aka MIRN34A, miRNA34A, mir-34, mir-34a}, SMAD3 (SMAD family member 3) [NCBI Gene 4088] {aka HSPC193, HsT17436, JV15-2, LDS1C, LDS3, MADH3}, ITGB1 (integrin subunit beta 1) [NCBI Gene 3688] {aka CD29, FNRB, GPIIA, MDF2, MSK12, VLA-BETA}, MIR122 (microRNA 122) [NCBI Gene 406906] {aka MIR122A, MIRN122, MIRN122A, hsa-mir-122, miRNA122, miRNA122A}, Mir181a-2 (microRNA 181a-2) [NCBI Gene 387176] {aka Mirn181, Mirn181a, Mirn181a-2, miR-181, mir-181a, mir-181a-2}, MIR31 (microRNA 31) [NCBI Gene 407035] {aka MIRN31, hsa-mir-31, miR-31}, SMAD1 (SMAD family member 1) [NCBI Gene 4086] {aka BSP-1, BSP1, JV4-1, JV41, MADH1, MADR1}, SMAD2 (SMAD family member 2) [NCBI Gene 4087] {aka CHTD8, JV18, JV18-1, LDS6, MADH2, MADR2}, FN1 (fibronectin 1) [NCBI Gene 2335] {aka CIG, ED-B, FINC, FN, FNZ, GFND}, CTNNBIP1 (catenin beta interacting protein 1) [NCBI Gene 56998] {aka ICAT}, IL1RAPL1 (interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein like 1) [NCBI Gene 11141] {aka IL-1-RAPL-1, IL-1RAPL-1, IL1R8, IL1RAPL, IL1RAPL-1, MRX10}, EPHB2 (EPH receptor B2) [NCBI Gene 2048] {aka BDPLT22, CAPB, DRT, EK5, EPHT3, ERK}, TP53 (tumor protein p53) [NCBI Gene 7157] {aka BCC7, BMFS5, LFS1, P53, TRP53}, CAB39 (calcium binding protein 39) [NCBI Gene 51719] {aka CGI-66, MO25}, CDH1 (cadherin 1) [NCBI Gene 999] {aka Arc-1, BCDS1, CD324, CDHE, ECAD, LCAM}, RAB14 (RAB14, member RAS oncogene family) [NCBI Gene 51552] {aka FBP, RAB-14}, MIR421 (microRNA 421) [NCBI Gene 693122] {aka MIRN421, hsa-mir-421}, PIK3CD (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta) [NCBI Gene 5293] {aka APDS, IMD14, IMD14A, IMD14B, P110DELTA, PI3K}, STK11 (serine/threonine kinase 11) [NCBI Gene 6794] {aka LKB1, PJS, hLKB1}, Bcl2l11 (BCL2 like 11) [NCBI Gene 12125] {aka 1500006F24Rik, Bim, Bod, bcl2-L-11}, MIR145 (microRNA 145) [NCBI Gene 406937] {aka MIRN145, miR-145, miRNA145}, CDKN2B (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2B) [NCBI Gene 1030] {aka CDK4I, INK4B, MTS2, P15, TP15, p15INK4b}, STRADA (STE20 related adaptor alpha) [NCBI Gene 92335] {aka LYK5, NY-BR-96, PMSE, STLK5, STRAD, STRAD alpha}, ITGA5 (integrin subunit alpha 5) [NCBI Gene 3678] {aka CD49e, FNRA, VLA-5, VLA5A}, CAT (catalase) [NCBI Gene 847], AKT1 (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 207] {aka AKT, PKB, PKB-ALPHA, PRKBA, RAC, RAC-ALPHA}, Ephb2 (Eph receptor B2) [NCBI Gene 13844] {aka Cek5, Drt, ETECK, Erk, Hek5, Nuk}, INHBE (inhibin subunit beta E) [NCBI Gene 83729], PIN1 (peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1) [NCBI Gene 5300] {aka DOD, UBL5}, MIR494 (microRNA 494) [NCBI Gene 574452] {aka MIRN494, hsa-mir-494, mir-494}, MIR26A1 (microRNA 26a-1) [NCBI Gene 407015] {aka MIR26A, MIRN26A1, mir-26a-1}, ELK1 (ETS transcription factor ELK1) [NCBI Gene 2002], NTRK2 (neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2) [NCBI Gene 4915] {aka DEE58, EIEE58, GP145-TrkB, OBHD, TRKB, trk-B}, FOXM1 (forkhead box M1) [NCBI Gene 2305] {aka FKHL16, FOXM1A, FOXM1B, FOXM1C, HFH-11, HFH11}, TGFB1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) [NCBI Gene 7040] {aka CAEND1, CED, DPD1, IBDIMDE, LAP, TGF-beta1}, BCL2 (BCL2 apoptosis regulator) [NCBI Gene 596] {aka Bcl-2, PPP1R50}, SMAD9 (SMAD family member 9) [NCBI Gene 4093] {aka MADH6, MADH9, PPH2, SMAD8, SMAD8/9, SMAD8A}, CTNNB1 (catenin beta 1) [NCBI Gene 1499] {aka CTNNB, EVR7, MRD19, NEDSDV, armadillo}, MIR204 (microRNA 204) [NCBI Gene 406987] {aka MIRN204, RDICC, miRNA204, mir-204}, ID3 (inhibitor of DNA binding 3) [NCBI Gene 3399] {aka HEIR-1, bHLHb25}, SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4) [NCBI Gene 4089] {aka DPC4, JIP, MADH4, MYHRS}, CDH2 (cadherin 2) [NCBI Gene 1000] {aka ACOGS, ADHD8, ARVD14, CD325, CDHN, CDw325}, SMAD5 (SMAD family member 5) [NCBI Gene 4090] {aka DWFC, JV5-1, MADH5}, ETV4 (ETS variant transcription factor 4) [NCBI Gene 2118] {aka E1A-F, E1AF, PEA3, PEAS3}, MIR200C (microRNA 200c) [NCBI Gene 406985] {aka MIRN200C, mir-200c}, RHO (rhodopsin) [NCBI Gene 6010] {aka CSNBAD1, OPN2, RP4}, MIR451A (microRNA 451a) [NCBI Gene 574411] {aka MIR451, MIRN451, hsa-mir-451, hsa-mir-451a, mir-451a}, CASP8 (caspase 8) [NCBI Gene 841] {aka ALPS2B, CAP4, Casp-8, FLICE, MACH, MCH5}, MIR200B (microRNA 200b) [NCBI Gene 406984] {aka MIRN200B, mir-200b}, RET (ret proto-oncogene) [NCBI Gene 5979] {aka CDHF12, CDHR16, HSCR1, MEN2A, MEN2B, MTC1}, Mir31 (microRNA 31) [NCBI Gene 723895] {aka Mirn31, miR-31, mmu-mir-31}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, Akt1 (Akt serine/threonine kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 11651] {aka Akt, LTR-akt, PKB, PKB/Akt, PKBalpha, Rac}, MIR424 (microRNA 424) [NCBI Gene 494336] {aka MIR322, MIRN424, hsa-mir-424, miRNA424, mir-424}, RHOA (ras homolog family member A) [NCBI Gene 387] {aka ARH12, ARHA, EDFAOB, RHO12, RHOH12}, H3P16 (H3 histone pseudogene 16) [NCBI Gene 644914] {aka H3.6, H3F3AP6, p21}, ID4 (inhibitor of DNA binding 4) [NCBI Gene 3400] {aka IDB4, bHLHb27}, BMP1 (bone morphogenetic protein 1) [NCBI Gene 649] {aka OI13, PCOLC, PCP, TLD}, PRKAB1 (protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1) [NCBI Gene 5564] {aka AMPK, HAMPKb}
- **Diseases:** tumorigenic (MESH:D002471), ESCC (MESH:D000077277), HCC (MESH:D006528), glioma (MESH:D005910), B-cell lymphoma 2 (MESH:D016393), melanoma (MESH:D008545), GliomaNonsmall cell lung cancer (MESH:D055752), POC (MESH:D058442), cataract (MESH:D002386), Cancer (MESH:D009369), promyelocytic leukemia (MESH:D015473), NSCLC (MESH:D002289), breast cancer (MESH:D001943), cervical cancer (MESH:D002583), Hepatitis C infection (MESH:D006526), PDAC (MESH:D021441), gastric and liver cancer (MESH:D013274), papillary thyroid carcinoma (MESH:D000077273), EAC (MESH:D000230), metastasis (MESH:D009362), pancreatic cancer (MESH:D010190)
- **Chemicals:** BNDF (-)
- **Species:** Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]
- **Mutations:** P13K
- **Cell lines:** 4T1 breast carcinoma — Homo sapiens (Human), Breast carcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_M364), hMSC — Homo sapiens (Human), Somatic stem cell (CVCL_WG60), HEPG2 — Homo sapiens (Human), Hepatoblastoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0027), SNU-16 — Homo sapiens (Human), Gastric adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0076), MDA-MB-231 — Homo sapiens (Human), Breast adenocarcinoma, Cancer cell line (CVCL_0062), NMuMG — Bos taurus (Bovine), Spontaneously immortalized cell line (CVCL_HG39)

## Full text

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## Figures

1 figure with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC4637442/full.md

## References

90 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC4637442/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC4637442