# Local Variability Mediates Vulnerability of Trout Populations to Land Use and Climate Change

## TL;DR

Trout populations respond differently to land use and climate change based on local stream conditions, showing that local variability plays a key role in their vulnerability.

## Contribution

The study introduces a mechanistic model showing how local stream variability mediates trout responses to land use and climate change.

## Key findings

- Local stream variability in habitat conditions mediates the effects of forest harvest and climate change on trout populations.
- Climate change most strongly influenced trout, causing earlier fry emergence and changes in biomass.
- Forest harvest had fewer and less consistent effects on trout populations compared to climate change.

## Abstract

Land use and climate change occur simultaneously around the globe. Fully understanding their separate and combined effects requires a mechanistic understanding at the local scale where their effects are ultimately realized. Here we applied an individual-based model of fish population dynamics to evaluate the role of local stream variability in modifying responses of Coastal Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) to scenarios simulating identical changes in temperature and stream flows linked to forest harvest, climate change, and their combined effects over six decades. We parameterized the model for four neighboring streams located in a forested headwater catchment in northwestern Oregon, USA with multi-year, daily measurements of stream temperature, flow, and turbidity (2007–2011), and field measurements of both instream habitat structure and three years of annual trout population estimates. Model simulations revealed that variability in habitat conditions among streams (depth, available habitat) mediated the effects of forest harvest and climate change. Net effects for most simulated trout responses were different from or less than the sum of their separate scenarios. In some cases, forest harvest countered the effects of climate change through increased summer flow. Climate change most strongly influenced trout (earlier fry emergence, reductions in biomass of older trout, increased biomass of young-of-year), but these changes did not consistently translate into reductions in biomass over time. Forest harvest, in contrast, produced fewer and less consistent responses in trout. Earlier fry emergence driven by climate change was the most consistent simulated response, whereas survival, growth, and biomass were inconsistent. Overall our findings indicate a host of local processes can strongly influence how populations respond to broad scale effects of land use and climate change.