Acute toluene intoxication–clinical presentation, management and prognosis: a prospective observational study

TL;DR

This study examines the clinical features and outcomes of acute toluene intoxication, highlighting severe metabolic issues and the risk of death.

Contribution

The study provides a detailed clinical characterization of acute toluene intoxication and identifies risk factors for poor outcomes.

Findings

Hypokalemic paralysis and metabolic acidosis are key features of acute toluene intoxication.

Rhabdomyolysis occurred in 80% of patients, likely due to hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia.

Three female patients died from cardiac rhythm abnormalities linked to severe acidosis and renal failure.

Abstract

Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. However, dangerous metabolic abnormalities are associated to acute toluene intoxication. It has been previously reported that rhabdomyolysis and acute hepatorenal injury could be hallmarks of the condition, and could constitute risk factors for poor outcomes. The objective was to describe the clinical presentation, to characterize the renal and liver abnormalities, the management and prognosis associated to acute toluene intoxication.

We prospectively assessed 20 patients that were admitted to a single center’s emergency department from September 2012 to June 2014 with clinical and metabolic alterations due to acute toluene intoxication.

The main clinical presentation consisted of weakness associated to severe hypokalemia and acidosis. Renal glomerular injury (proteinuria) is ubiquitous. Biliary tract injury (alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase elevations) disproportional to hepatocellular injury is common. Rhabdomyolysis occurred in 80 % of patients, probably due to hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia. There were three deaths, all female, and all associated with altered mental status, severe acidosis, hypokalemia and acute oliguric renal failure. The cause of death was in all cases due to cardiac rhythm abnormalities.

The hallmarks of acute toluene intoxication are hypokalemic paralysis and metabolic acidosis. Liver injury and rhabdomyolysis are common. On admission, altered mental status, renal failure, severe acidemia and female gender (not significant in our study, but present in all three deaths) could be associated with a poor outcome, and patients with these characteristics should be considered to be treated in an intensive care unit.