# First Miocene rodent from Lebanon provides the 'missing link' between Asian and African gundis (Rodentia: Ctenodactylidae)

## TL;DR

A newly discovered Miocene rodent from Lebanon bridges the evolutionary gap between Asian and African gundis.

## Contribution

The discovery of Proafricanomys libanensis provides the first fossil evidence linking Asian and African gundis.

## Key findings

- Proafricanomys libanensis shares dental traits with both primitive and advanced gundis.
- Cladistic analysis shows it is the sister taxon to most African ctenodactylines and a European species of African origin.
- This species fills a critical gap in the evolutionary history of gundis.

## Abstract

Ctenodactylinae (gundis) is a clade of rodents that experienced, in Miocene time, their greatest diversification and widest distribution. They expanded from the Far East, their area of origin, to Africa, which they entered from what would become the Arabian Peninsula. Questions concerning the origin of African Ctenodactylinae persist essentially because of a poor fossil record from the Miocene of Afro-Arabia. However, recent excavations in the Late Miocene of Lebanon have yielded a key taxon for our understanding of these issues. Proafricanomys libanensis nov. gen. nov. sp. shares a variety of dental characters with both the most primitive and derived members of the subfamily. A cladistic analysis demonstrates that this species is the sister taxon to a clade encompassing all but one of the African ctenodactylines, plus a southern European species of obvious African extraction. As such, Proafricanomys provides the 'missing link' between the Asian and African gundis.