# Mapping Charge Interactions in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

## TL;DR

This paper introduces analytical models to predict how charged residues in disordered proteins interact, validated with experimental data.

## Contribution

A minimal-parameter polymer model is developed to capture electrostatic interactions in IDPs with high accuracy.

## Key findings

- The polymer model accounts for counterion condensation and dipolar interactions in IDPs.
- The model accurately predicts intrachain distances validated by single-molecule FRET data.
- The approach complements simulations and provides insights into IDP conformational behavior.

## Abstract

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are often rich in charged residues, and electrostatic interactions have a pronounced effect on their conformational distributions, interactions and functions. However, attaining quantitative understanding of electrostatics is challenging because of the sequence‐specific arrangement of charges in the chain, the long‐range nature of electrostatic interactions, charge screening, and the condensation of counterions—effects that all need to be taken into account self‐consistently. Here, analytically tractable quantitative models are developed to predict ensemble average distances between any pair of residues in IDPs as a function of sequence and salt concentration, explicitly considering charge patterning. These models are tested systematically against extensive single‐molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) data mapping intrachain distances for a range of charged IDPs with different sequence compositions, as a function of salt concentration, and with different labeling positions and fluorophores. The resulting polymer model with a minimal set of adjustable parameters accounts for counterion condensation, the resulting effective charges, as well as dipolar interactions, and can be used to predict detailed intrachain distance maps between all residues. Analytical models of this kind offer a valuable complement to simulations and can provide fundamental insight into the interactions underlying the conformational distributions of IDPs.

This study presents analytical models to predict intrachain distances in intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), accounting for charge patterning, salt concentration, and electrostatic effects. Validated against single‐molecule FRET data, a minimal‐parameter polymer model is identified that captures key interactions and chain dimensions. These models enhance the understanding of IDP behavior and complement computational simulations.