# Limited impact of schistosome infection on Biomphalaria glabrata snail microbiomes

## TL;DR

This study finds that infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni has limited effects on the microbiome of Biomphalaria glabrata snails, which are important in the spread of schistosomiasis.

## Contribution

The novel finding is that schistosome infection does not significantly alter snail microbiome composition or bacterial density, contrary to expectations.

## Key findings

- Schistosome infection had no effect on bacterial density in snail hemolymph and hepatopancreas.
- Microbiome composition was only slightly affected during the pre-patent period of infection.
- Sample type (hemolymph vs. hepatopancreas) was the main factor influencing microbiome differences.

## Abstract

The microbiome of disease vectors can be a key determinant of their ability to transmit parasites. Conversely, parasite infection may modify vector microbiomes. We explore the interactions between the Biomphalaria glabrata snail microbiome and the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, responsible for an estimated 200,000 human deaths each year. We have previously shown that the snail hemolymph (i.e. blood) and organs harbor a diverse microbiome. Here, we investigate the impact of schistosome infection on snail microbiomes, hypothesizing that invading schistosomes can alter the snail microbiomes in both composition and abundance over the course of infection, as developing schistosome parasites are in close contact with the host tissues.

We generated cohorts of uninfected and S. mansoni-infected snails. We collected snail hemolymph and hepatopancreas (i.e. liver) at eight timepoints during the pre-patent and patent periods of schistosome infection. We quantified bacterial density using qPCR and profiled the microbiome composition of all samples by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA.

Surprisingly, schistosome infection had no effect on bacterial density and limited effect on the microbiome composition, affecting mainly the hemolymph during the pre-patent period (at days 7 and 21). Organ and hemolymph microbiomes were relatively stable over time for both infected and uninfected snail cohorts. The sample type (hemolymph, hepatopancreas) was the major driver of the differences observed in microbiome composition.

The limited impact of schistosome infection on the host snail microbiomes might be explained by the long-term interaction of the two partners. Further investigations into the interactions among snails, their microbiomes and schistosome parasites may suggest strategies to disrupt the parasite lifecycle and, consequently, schistosomiasis transmission.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-026-07299-z.