# Taste matters: lessons learned in translating a conditioned drug cue reactivity paradigm from rodents to humans

## TL;DR

This study adapts animal-based alcohol cue reactivity experiments to humans, finding that taste influences how people respond to new visual cues for alcohol.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates a novel translation of rodent cue conditioning paradigms to human neuroimaging experiments involving alcohol.

## Key findings

- Most participants conditioned disliking of the alcohol-paired cue despite prior alcohol experience.
- The sugar-paired cue elicited conditioned liking and broader reward network activation compared to alcohol.
- Taste reactivity appears to strongly influence cue conditioning in humans, similar to non-human models.

## Abstract

Bidirectional translation between human and animal models of drug-predictive cue reactivity may accelerate biomarker and treatment development for substance use disorders. We report findings from a pilot study in which de novo cue conditioning procedures from non-human animal models of drug (here: alcohol) cue reactivity were adapted for neuroimaging and psychophysiology experiments with human subjects.

Participants were 10 healthy young adults (60% female, age 21–23 yr) who could undergo electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and reported binge drinking at least once in the past 3 months. Prior to the experiment, participants were informed that they would be consuming sips of a strong, sweet mixed drink (10–15% ethanol v/v in 15% w/v sucrose). We hypothesized that prior real-world experience with alcohol, including anticipation of pleasurable post-ingestive psychoactive effects, might shape a person’s hedonic and incentive responses to a new visual cue for an unfamiliar alcohol beverage. Consequently, we expected to observe conditioned liking of the alcohol-paired cue, motivated attention as indexed by the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP) in cue-locked EEG segments, and reward-network engagement (fMRI). Participants also underwent visual cue pairings with sips of sugar water (15% w/v sucrose).

Most participants showed conditioned disliking of the alcohol-paired cue. While they exhibited more motivated attention to the alcohol-paired than to the unpaired control cue, only the left orbitofrontal cortex was activated more strongly by the alcohol-paired than by the unpaired cue. In contrast, most participants showed conditioned liking of the sugar-paired cue and more motivated attention to it than to its unpaired control cue, as well as broader engagement of the brain’s reward network (e.g., bilateral anterior cingulate, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex).

This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of developing human laboratory experimental paradigms that closely mirror non-human animal models of alcohol and other drug cue conditioning. Yet the pilot study’s unexpected results suggest that for orally administered drugs like alcohol, taste reactivity may matter as much for de novo cue conditioning in human subjects as in non-human animal models, even when those human subjects report prior experience with the drug or positive drug expectancies.