# Mammalian herbivory indirectly shapes savanna arthropod communities but only at very low or high levels

## TL;DR

This study shows that extreme levels of herbivory, either very high or very low, indirectly change arthropod communities in African savannas by altering vegetation.

## Contribution

The study reveals that arthropod community changes occur only at extreme herbivory levels, not moderate ones, under real-world conditions.

## Key findings

- Ant abundance and richness were unaffected by herbivory treatments.
- High herbivory caused short grass and bare ground, leading to ant species turnover.
- Low herbivory caused woody encroachment, reducing savanna specialists through species turnover and nestedness.

## Abstract

Savanna ecosystems support unique biodiversity and provide livelihoods for millions of people. Yet, wild herbivores are in decline due to poaching and land‐use change while livestock numbers are increasing. These changes in density and composition alter savanna vegetation. There are likely indirect cascading effects of altered vegetation on savanna arthropods, but our understanding is limited despite their pivotal role in ecosystem functioning.We evaluate how differences in mammalian herbivory affect terrestrial arthropods in a semiarid Kenyan savanna. We sampled ground‐active arthropods (focusing on ants) in six herbivory treatments ranging from high‐intensity herbivory to complete exclusion of large herbivores.Ant abundance and richness were not affected by herbivory treatments, but the community composition of ants and arthropods differed at extremely high and low levels of herbivory due to indirect impacts on vegetation.Community composition changes occurred under extremely high levels of herbivory because the resulting short‐grass communities and patches of bare ground led to high species turnover in ants. By contrast, extremely low herbivory promoted woody encroachment that led to the loss of savanna specialists via both species turnover and nestedness.We conclude that cascading effects of mammalian herbivory play only a relatively small role in shaping savanna arthropod communities, except at extreme levels of herbivory. However, the occurrence of savannas with these extreme levels of herbivory, both high and low, is likely to increase in the future, which may lead to more widespread changes in ecosystem functioning as a consequence of shifts in arthropod community composition.

Savanna ecosystems support unique biodiversity and provide livelihoods for millions of people. Yet, wild herbivores are in decline due to poaching and land‐use change while livestock numbers are increasing. These changes in density and composition alter savanna vegetation. There are likely indirect cascading effects of altered vegetation on savanna arthropods, but our understanding is limited despite their pivotal role in ecosystem functioning.

We evaluate how differences in mammalian herbivory affect terrestrial arthropods in a semiarid Kenyan savanna. We sampled ground‐active arthropods (focusing on ants) in six herbivory treatments ranging from high‐intensity herbivory to complete exclusion of large herbivores.

Ant abundance and richness were not affected by herbivory treatments, but the community composition of ants and arthropods differed at extremely high and low levels of herbivory due to indirect impacts on vegetation.

Community composition changes occurred under extremely high levels of herbivory because the resulting short‐grass communities and patches of bare ground led to high species turnover in ants. By contrast, extremely low herbivory promoted woody encroachment that led to the loss of savanna specialists via both species turnover and nestedness.

We conclude that cascading effects of mammalian herbivory play only a relatively small role in shaping savanna arthropod communities, except at extreme levels of herbivory. However, the occurrence of savannas with these extreme levels of herbivory, both high and low, is likely to increase in the future, which may lead to more widespread changes in ecosystem functioning as a consequence of shifts in arthropod community composition.

This study investigates how large mammalian herbivores shape arthropod communities in African savannas, using a broad gradient of herbivory types and intensities to assess these effects under real‐world, non‐experimental conditions.