# A spatial typology of energy (in)efficiency in the private rental sector in England and Wales using Energy Performance Certificates

## TL;DR

This paper creates a spatial classification of energy efficiency in private rental properties in England and Wales using EPC data to highlight inequalities and patterns.

## Contribution

A new data product classifying energy (in)efficiency in private rentals using k-means clustering and EPC data.

## Key findings

- EPC data for 3.9 million private rentals was analyzed to identify spatial patterns of energy inefficiency.
- The classification reveals spatial concentration and fragmentation of inefficiency linked to socio-spatial inequalities.
- The study highlights diverse energy and housing conditions affecting vulnerable tenants.

## Abstract

Like many countries globally, the private rental sector in England and Wales contains some of the lowest quality and energy inefficient properties, despite being home to some of the most vulnerable households. We present a new data product that classifies small areas based on the energy (in)efficiency characteristics of private rental properties. Newly available Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) data enables us to analyse detailed energy and housing characteristics for 3.9 million private rentals (∼78.8% of total sector), the most comprehensive dataset of its kind, using k-means clustering. Demographic datasets allow us to explore wider socio-spatial inequalities, and uncertainties associated with granular – but at-times incomplete – EPC data. The classification can be used to evidence how inefficiency is spatially concentrated and fragmented, with a diverse range of energy and housing conditions shaping the everyday lives of tenants.