# A Comprehensive Analysis of Dermatological Manifestations in Lower Limb Para-Athletes

## TL;DR

This paper examines skin issues in athletes with lower limb prostheses, identifying causes and prevention strategies, and highlights new technologies to improve skin health and performance.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of skin complications in lower limb para-athletes and evaluates emerging technologies for prevention and management.

## Key findings

- Skin complications affect 34%-77% of lower limb prosthesis users, especially athletes.
- Poor prosthetic fit, high activity, and environmental factors are key risk factors for skin issues.
- New technologies like smart prosthetics and antimicrobial coatings show promise but need more research.

## Abstract

In this article, a critical evaluation of current evidence is presented on the prevalence, mechanisms, prevention, and management of sport-related skin complications in amputee athletes using lower limb prostheses, highlighting emerging technologies aimed at improving skin health and athletic performance. Skin complications were highly prevalent, affecting 34%-77% of lower limb prosthesis users, with even greater frequency among athletes. The most common conditions included maceration, friction blisters, pressure ulcers, contact dermatitis, verrucous and epidermal hyperplasia, and bacterial or fungal infections. Key risk factors encompassed poor prosthetic fit, elevated activity levels, increased perspiration, prolonged wear, inadequate hygiene, and hot or humid environments. Mechanical loading and shear stress at the socket–skin interface, compounded by moisture and heat retention, were central pathophysiologic drivers. Prevention and management strategies emphasize meticulous prosthetic fitting, consistent hygiene practices, routine skin inspection, and prompt intervention for early lesions. Multidisciplinary collaboration among dermatologists, prosthetists, and rehabilitation specialists improves detection and management outcomes. Recent innovations including vented liners, temperature-regulating materials, antimicrobial coatings, and sensor-based “smart prosthetics” show promise in reducing friction, heat, and infection risk, though evidence in athletic populations remains limited. Cutaneous complications in amputee athletes are common, multifactorial, and preventable. Optimal prosthetic fit, athlete education, and coordinated interdisciplinary care are essential for minimizing morbidity and maintaining athletic participation. Technological advancements such as real-time pressure and temperature monitoring, antimicrobial materials, and adaptive socket systems may transform prevention strategies, but further sport-specific, longitudinal research is required to validate their clinical impact and guide evidence-based practice.