# Veterinarians’ perception of livestock infectious disease: results from a five country cross-European survey (2024)

## TL;DR

This study explores how veterinarians in five European countries perceive the risk of various livestock infectious diseases, revealing significant variation in risk perception and awareness gaps.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into regional differences in veterinarians’ perceptions of livestock disease risks and highlights critical awareness gaps.

## Key findings

- Transboundary diseases like African swine fever and avian influenza are perceived as high risk across countries.
- Endemic diseases are often viewed as higher risk than transboundary diseases in specific countries.
- Awareness gaps exist for zoonotic diseases such as Hepatitis E and Salmonella Dublin.

## Abstract

Livestock production accounts for nearly half of all agricultural output globally, but the long-term sustainability of the sector is threatened by a range of infectious diseases. Endemic diseases lead to a wide range of production losses and animal welfare issues, while transboundary and epidemic diseases can lead to widespread deaths, the implementation of stringent control measures, and a disruption of trade. Zoonotic diseases further threaten human health. It is therefore critical that livestock diseases are effectively controlled. When implementing disease control strategies and biosecurity measures, it is important to understand stakeholders’ views, particularly regarding which diseases should be prioritised.

The current study aims to develop our understanding of veterinarians’ views regarding infectious diseases in livestock across Belgium, Ireland, Hungary, Romania, and Sweden through an online survey. The survey examines veterinarians’ perception of the risk posed by infectious livestock diseases based on a three-part score comprising of: the perceived likelihood of an outbreak occurring; the impact of an outbreak; and the ease of controlling an outbreak. Veterinarians’ awareness of given diseases was also assessed.

We report a high degree of variation in the perception of risk for livestock diseases across both the livestock production sectors examined, and countries. The transboundary diseases African swine fever, foot and mouth disease and avian influenza were seen as posing a high risk overall, however, bluetongue, lumpy skin disease, peste des petits ruminants, and sheep and goat pox showed a highly regional variation. Endemic diseases were often seen as posing a higher risk than transboundary diseases in many countries. We further identified several awareness gaps, particularly related to zoonotic diseases such as Hepatitis E, Campylobacter and Salmonella Dublin.

Perception of risk for both transboundary and endemic diseases show a high degree of variation at the national level, often reflecting differences in the importance of production sectors by country. Critical awareness gaps for both transboundary, and zoonotic, diseases require further investigation.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-026-05410-1.