# Hesperetin Induces Ferroptosis-Like Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

## TL;DR

Hesperetin causes oxidative stress and iron-dependent damage in yeast, similar to a process called ferroptosis, which may explain its antifungal effects.

## Contribution

This study reveals hesperetin induces a ferroptosis-like response in yeast, offering new insight into its antifungal mechanism.

## Key findings

- Hesperetin increases reactive oxygen species and depletes glutathione in S. cerevisiae.
- Oxidative stress and lipid damage caused by hesperetin are inhibited by ferrostatin-1.
- Apoptosis markers like caspase activation are not observed in hesperetin-treated yeast.

## Abstract

Hesperetin has been reported to exhibit multiple beneficial activities, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. It has also been shown to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, its mode of action in fungi remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of hesperetin using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. Many antimicrobial compounds exert their effects by inducing oxidative damage in microbial cells. In this study, hesperetin increased intracellular reactive oxygen species in S. cerevisiae. This ROS accumulation was accompanied by glutathione depletion, indicating impaired antioxidant capacity and disrupted redox balance. Increased oxidative stress was also associated with an expanded pool of reactive iron, which can drive iron-dependent chemistry to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. These radicals can initiate lipid peroxidation, leading to the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. Notably, these oxidative and lipid damage phenotypes were suppressed by ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor. In addition, apoptosis-associated hallmarks, including caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, were not observed under the same conditions. These findings indicate that hesperetin induces ferroptosis-like responses in S. cerevisiae, providing mechanistic insight into its antifungal effects.