# Development and Evaluation of a Hallucination Awareness Scale for Healthcare Professionals and its impact on diagnostic confidence

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new scale to measure how awareness of AI hallucinations affects healthcare professionals' diagnostic confidence.

## Contribution

The study develops and validates a novel scale to assess the impact of AI hallucinations on healthcare practitioners.

## Key findings

- Awareness of extrinsic hallucinations significantly impacts diagnostic confidence.
- Intrinsic hallucination awareness does not significantly affect diagnostic confidence.
- The scale was validated using factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

## Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) has gained immense significance in recent years, particularly in the field of healthcare. Despite its significant role in streamlining healthcare-related tasks, there remain unanswered concerns regarding the challenges of incorporating this technology into healthcare settings and it effect on diagnostic confidence. The purpose of this research is to address this gap by developing and validating a comprehensive scale that captures risks like hallucinations and measures their impact on diagnostic confidence among healthcare practitioners. A three-step process was carried out to develop the scale. Data were collected from healthcare professionals and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In the third step, structural equation modeling using SmartPLS was applied to validate the hypothesized relationships. The results indicated a significant impact of awareness of extrinsic hallucinations on diagnostic confidence. However, awareness of intrinsic hallucinations showed no significant impact on diagnostic confidence. This research contributes to the existing literature by examining the risks associated with Gen AI by validating and developing a reliable scale to measure the challenges healthcare practitioners face when using Gen AI tools.