# Organic–mineral fertilization modulates microbial communities and nutrient-cycling genes in saline–alkali soil

## TL;DR

Mixing organic and mineral fertilizers improves soil quality and microbial activity in salty soils, helping crops grow better.

## Contribution

The study reveals how organic–mineral fertilization alters microbial communities and nutrient-cycling genes in saline–alkali soils.

## Key findings

- Organic–mineral fertilization reduced soil pH and salt content while increasing organic matter and available nutrients.
- The 50% organic–50% mineral regime enhanced bacterial diversity and enriched specific beneficial microbes.
- Balanced fertilization boosted genes for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling, improving soil function.

## Abstract

Soil salinization constrains crop production in arid regions, yet the microbial and functional mechanisms underlying organic–mineral co-application in saline–alkali soils remain unclear.

A pot experiment with sorghum–sudangrass was conducted in a saline–alkali soil under five fertilization regimes with equal total N but different proportions of organic N. Soil physicochemical properties were measured at the seedling and maturity stages, and rhizosphere bacterial communities and C, N and P cycling genes at maturity were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and SmartChip high-throughput qPCR.

Organic–mineral fertilization decreased soil pH and total salt content and increased soil organic matter, total N and available P relative to mineral fertilizer alone, with the strongest improvements under the 50% organic–50% mineral N regime. Organic inputs increased bacterial Shannon diversity and evenness and shifted community composition, enriching Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, Bacillus and Pseudarthrobacter. The balanced regime increased genes involved in C degradation/fixation, N fixation and P mineralization/polyphosphate metabolism (e.g., xylA, acsA, mct, nifH, phoD, ppx), whereas mineral-only fertilization favored nitrification/denitrification and methane oxidation genes (e.g., amoA2, nirK, nirS, pmoA), indicating a higher potential for N losses.

Multivariate analyses identified soil pH, total salt, organic matter and total N as primary regulators of bacterial communities and functional gene profiles. Moderate organic–mineral co-application, particularly the 50%–50% regime, improves soil conditions and strengthens nutrient-cycling potential in saline–alkali sorghum–sudangrass systems.