Associations of triglyceride-glucose-related indices and cardiovascular health with retinal arteriosclerosis: a cross-sectional study

TL;DR

This study shows that higher triglyceride-glucose-related indices are linked to increased retinal arteriosclerosis risk, while better cardiovascular health is protective.

Contribution

The study introduces TyG-related indices as potential simple risk markers for retinal arteriosclerosis.

Findings

Higher TyG-related indices were associated with a 40% increased odds of retinal arteriosclerosis.

Better cardiovascular health scores were linked to a 26% lower odds of retinal arteriosclerosis.

TyG-related indices mediated 32.8–67.3% of the inverse association between cardiovascular health and retinal arteriosclerosis.

Abstract

Retinal arteriosclerosis (RA) is a visible marker of early microvascular injury largely driven by cardiovascular risk factors. Insulin resistance, represented by the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) related indices, may serve as a key mediator linking cardiovascular health (CVH) to RA.

In this cross-sectional study of 755 healthcare staff aged ≥35 years, RA was defined as Keith-Wagener-Barker grade ≥1 on fundus photography, representing early subclinical retinal arteriolar changes. CVH was assessed using Life’s Essential 8 (LE8). TyG-related indices, including TyG, TyG combined with body mass index (TyG-BMI), TyG combined with body roundness index (TyG-BRI), TyG combined with waist circumference (TyG-WC), and TyG combined with the waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR), were calculated. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed to evaluate the associations of TyG-related indices with RA, and their mediating role in the LE8–RA relationship.

RA was present in 159 participants (21.1%). Higher TyG-related indices were significantly associated with an increased odds of RA. In fully adjusted models, per SD increase in TyG was associated with a 40% higher odds of RA (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.15–1.70; p = 0.001). Similar positive associations were observed for all obesity-related TyG indices. Higher LE8 scores were inversely associated with RA. Each 10-point increase in LE8 was associated with a 26% lower odds of RA (95% CI: 0.67–0.94; p < 0.001). RCS analyses indicated linear associations of TyG-related indices and LE8 with the risk of RA (all P-nonlinear > 0.05). Mediation analyses suggested that TyG-related indices statistically accounted for a substantial proportion of the inverse association between LE8 and RA, with mediated proportions ranging from 32.8 to 67.3%, consistent with a pattern of statistical full mediation.

Higher TyG-related indices were associated with an increased risk of RA, whereas better CVH was associated with a lower risk. These findings underscore the importance of CVH in early retinal microvascular injury and support the potential role of TyG-related indices as simple risk markers.

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