# Mental health outcomes in patients with inherited retinal diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

## TL;DR

People with inherited retinal diseases experience higher rates of depression and anxiety compared to the general population, highlighting the need for mental health support in their care.

## Contribution

This study provides the first meta-analysis quantifying mental health outcomes in inherited retinal disease patients compared to general population norms.

## Key findings

- Depression prevalence in IRD patients was 31.0%, significantly higher than general population rates.
- Anxiety prevalence was 29.3% among IRD patients, also exceeding general population estimates.
- Subgroup analysis showed Stargardt disease had the highest depression prevalence at 42.5%.

## Abstract

To assess the association between inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) and mental health outcomes, specifically examining the prevalence of depression and anxiety compared to general population estimates.

Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Ovid, and Web of Science from inception through April 2025. Studies reporting quantitative prevalence data for depression and/or anxiety in IRD patients using validated instruments or standardized diagnostic criteria were included. Random-effects meta-analyses using the DerSimonian-Laird method with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and methodological quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Subgroup analyses examined prevalence by disease type, and sensitivity analyses tested result robustness.

Sixteen studies encompassing 12,868 participants met inclusion criteria. The pooled depression prevalence was 31.0% (95% CI: 22.1%-40.6%; I² = 93.9%), substantially exceeding general population rates. Anxiety prevalence was 29.3% (95% CI: 17.1%-43.3%; I² = 94.3%). Subgroup analysis revealed depression prevalence of 30.6% (95% CI: 22.4%-39.4%) for Retinitis Pigmentosa and 42.5% (95% CI: 0.0%-97.7%) for Stargardt disease. Other IRDs were represented by a single study reporting 14.6% prevalence. The test for subgroup differences approached statistical significance (p = 0.08). Sensitivity analyses confirmed result robustness despite substantial heterogeneity. Publication bias assessment suggested potential overestimation of depression prevalence.

Patients with IRDs experience a substantial mental health burden, with depression and anxiety prevalence markedly exceeding general population rates. These findings underscore the critical need for mental health screening integrated into routine ophthalmologic care.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40942-026-00820-7.