# Occupational exposure to vapor, gas, dust and fume using job-exposure matrix in a population-based, nationwide study in Kazakhstan

## TL;DR

This study assesses occupational exposure to harmful substances in Kazakhstan's population and identifies factors linked to higher exposure.

## Contribution

The study provides a nationwide characterization of VGDF exposure using a job-exposure matrix in Kazakhstan.

## Key findings

- 53% of the population had lifetime exposure to VGDF, with men more affected than women.
- Education level, smoking, and region were significant predictors of exposure.
- Dust, mineral dust, and gas were the most common exposures.

## Abstract

We aimed to characterize the populational exposure to vapors, gases, dusts and fumes (VGDF) in a nationwide population-based study in Kazakhstan.

Data on all positions held for more than a year in the lifetime were collected from 5058 (median age 47 (interquartile range (IQR) 31;61) years, 50% men) participants. Prevalence of each exposure was computed using ACE job-exposure matrix (JEM), and a multivariate logistic regression was applied to compute the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of such exposure.

Lifetime exposure to VGDF was found in 53% of general population, more in men (61% vs. 45%, p < 0.001), with dust (45%), mineral dust (32%) and gas (30%) being the top three exposures. Ever-smoking (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.36;1.83), exposure to secondhand smoke (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.29;1.71), education below university level (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.86;2.41), being a male (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.17;1.55), and living in the North and Center increased the odds of being exposed, independent of each other and work initiation since independence, body mass index and even the use of fossil fuel for heating.

Exposure to VGDF in the general population of Kazakhstan is high, with some regional discrepancies. Predictors of such exposure can help identify most exposed population to tailor targeted preventive interventions.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12995-026-00501-z.