# Effects of testosterone on gene expression in males and females across 40 human tissues

## TL;DR

This study explores how testosterone affects gene expression in 40 human tissues differently in males and females.

## Contribution

The study identifies sex-differential gene expression patterns linked to testosterone levels across multiple tissues.

## Key findings

- Gene expression in tissues like mammary breast and adipose explained a large proportion of testosterone variance in females.
- Four gene transcripts showed significant associations with total testosterone in females but not in males.
- The relationship between testosterone and gene expression varies by tissue and sex, suggesting complex biological mechanisms.

## Abstract

Variation in testosterone levels is associated with pronounced health risks, often in a discordant manner between males and females. While studies have demonstrated a sex-specific genetic architecture for testosterone, the biological basis for the differential impact on diseases between the sexes is largely unknown. In this study, we correlated predicted testosterone and within-sex gene expression measures across 40 human tissues to identify genes that show sex-differential control of gene expression and examine how this varies across tissues. Gene expression measures were obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (v8 GTEx release), with sex-specific genome-wide summary statistics from the UK Biobank used to construct polygenic scores as proxies for total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone. We quantified the proportion of variance in the genomically predicted testosterone levels that was captured by gene expression measures within each sex/tissue pair. The association between predicted testosterone measures was tested within each sex/tissue pair for over 20,000 gene transcripts. Gene expression levels in the mammary breast (R2 = 0.54 ± 0.20), adipose (visceral omentum; 0.56 ± 0.21), esophagus (muscularis; 0.42 ± 19) and skin (sun exposed lower leg; 0.34 ± 0.16) tissue explained the largest proportion of total testosterone variance in females, although these estimates were not significant after correction for multiple testing across tissues. Association analyses identified significant associations between total testosterone and gene expression across four transcripts (NUPR1L, PTPRD, PSPHP1, and RP11-208G20.3) in the skeletal muscle, tibial artery, and pancreas tissues for females p < \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:2.37\times\:{10}^{-6}$$\end{document}, whereas no significant associations were observed in males. No transcript or gene showed a significant association with predicted bioavailable testosterone across all study tissues in both males and females. The relationship between testosterone and gene expression levels is complex, showing variation across tissues and between the sexes. While we found limited numbers of associations between individual gene expression levels and predicted testosterone levels, our whole transcriptome approach found that a substantial proportion of testosterone levels could be captured by gene expression levels, indicating that more associations could be identified with larger sample sizes and directly measured hormone levels.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-40863-2.