# The association between community-based transportation use and depressive symptoms among older adults in Japan

## TL;DR

Using community-based electric vehicles in Japan is linked to fewer depressive symptoms and more social activity among older adults.

## Contribution

This study provides empirical evidence that community-led transportation improves mental health and social engagement in older adults.

## Key findings

- GSM users had 1.39 fewer depressive symptoms compared to non-users.
- GSM users had more frequent outings and more social supports.
- The study supports community-based transport as a strategy for healthy aging.

## Abstract

The electric vehicle, called Green Slow Mobility (GSM) promoted in Japan as an age-friendly mobility solution. While interest in GSM has grown, evidence of its health impact remains limited. In Matsudo City, community residents operated the GSM service, providing an example of community-led mobility support in an urban setting. We aimed to examine associations between GSM use and health-related outcomes among older adults in Matsudo City, Japan.

We analyzed two-wave longitudinal data from GSM service areas. Our analytic sample included 4,080 adults aged ≥ 65 years who completed both 2022 and 2023. We defined GSM users as those who reported using GSM at least once per month. We treated depressive symptoms (GDS-15; 0–15) as the primary outcome and frequency of outings (0–6) and the number of social supports (0–4) as secondary outcomes. We applied augmented inverse probability weighting to estimate average treatment effects (ATE), adjusting for 13 baseline covariates including sociodemographic characteristics, health indicators, social participation, and baseline values of all outcome variables.

GSM users reported fewer depressive symptoms (ATE = − 1.39; 95% CI: − 1.94 to − 0.83), higher frequency of outings (ATE = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.77), and had more social supports (ATE = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.38) than non-users.

Our findings suggest that community-based transport systems such as GSM can enhance mental health and social well-being and may promote healthy aging in urban populations. Our results may inform policymakers seeking sustainable transport models that support both mobility and public health.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44192-026-00395-7.