# The Prospects and Challenges of Live Attenuated Vaccines Against African Swine Fever Virus in Vietnam **Authors:** Tram Thi Ngoc Ngo, Taehwan Oh, Duy Tien Do PMC · DOI: 10.3390/vaccines14030284 · Vaccines · 2026-03-23 ## TL;DR This paper reviews the development and challenges of live attenuated vaccines for African swine fever in Vietnam, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and improved vaccine strategies. ## Contribution The paper provides insights into the molecular epidemiology and vaccine performance in Vietnam, emphasizing practical challenges and control strategies. ## Key findings - Live attenuated vaccines in Vietnam offer homologous protection but struggle with emerging recombinant strains. - Genetic instability and safety concerns in pregnant sows remain significant challenges for vaccine deployment. - Ongoing genomic surveillance and cross-protective efficacy evaluation are critical for effective vaccine strategies. ## Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that causes severe economic losses in the global swine industry. Since its introduction to Vietnam in 2019, ASFV has evolved rapidly, with genotype II strains dominating initially and recombinant I/II variants emerging by 2023. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have been developed and commercialized in Vietnam, including ASFV-G-ΔI177L, ASFV-G-ΔI177L/ΔLVR, and ASFV-G-ΔMGF, which confer homologous immune protection. Despite this, LAVs face challenges related to genetic stability, impossible protection against emerging recombinant strains, potential reversion to virulence, viral shedding, and safety in pregnant sows. ASFV’s ongoing evolution underscores the need for continuous genomic surveillance, evaluation of cross-protective efficacy, and implementation of biosecurity and DIVA strategies focused more on evaluating vaccine efficacy than safety. This review summarizes the current molecular epidemiology of ASFV in Vietnam after vaccines were licensed for use, the development and performance of commercial LAVs, and the practical challenges of their application in endemic settings, and provides insights for informed vaccine deployment and integrated ASF control strategies in rapidly evolving viral landscapes. ## Linked entities - **Diseases:** African swine fever (MONDO:0025377) ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) [NCBI Gene 3661] {aka IIAE7}, IFNB1 (interferon beta 1) [NCBI Gene 3456] {aka IFB, IFF, IFN-beta, IFNB}, COX2 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit II) [NCBI Gene 4513] {aka COII, MTCO2}, FOSB (FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) [NCBI Gene 2354] {aka AP-1, G0S3, GOS3, GOSB}, STING1 (stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1) [NCBI Gene 340061] {aka ERIS, MITA, MPYS, NET23, SAVI, STING}, NFKB1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) [NCBI Gene 4790] {aka CVID12, EBP-1, KBF1, NF-kB, NF-kB1, NF-kappa-B1}, I177L (pI177L) [NCBI Gene 22220371], EIF2A (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A) [NCBI Gene 83939] {aka CDA02, EIF-2A, MST089, MSTP004, MSTP089}, CASP3 (caspase 3) [NCBI Gene 836] {aka CPP32, CPP32B, SCA-1}, DP148R (pDP148R) [NCBI Gene 22220379], NPY4R (neuropeptide Y receptor Y4) [NCBI Gene 5540] {aka NPY4-R, PP1, PPYR1, Y4}, ALPI (alkaline phosphatase, intestinal) [NCBI Gene 248] {aka IAP}, DDX17 (DEAD-box helicase 17) [NCBI Gene 10521] {aka P72, RH70}, IFIT2 (interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2) [NCBI Gene 3433] {aka G10P2, GARG-39, IFI-54, IFI-54K, IFI54, IFIT-2}, CGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) [NCBI Gene 115004] {aka C6orf150, D4, MB21D1, h-cGAS}, IGF1 (insulin like growth factor 1) [NCBI Gene 3479] {aka IGF, IGF-I, IGFI, MGF}, IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7) [NCBI Gene 3665] {aka IMD39, IRF-7, IRF-7H, IRF7A, IRF7B, IRF7C}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) [NCBI Gene 114548] {aka AGTAVPRL, AII, AVP, C1orf7, CIAS1, CLR1.1}, EP402R (CD2 homolog) [NCBI Gene 22220440], DP71L (pDP71L) [NCBI Gene 22220380], EP153R (lectin-like protein) [NCBI Gene 22220439], IFNA1 (interferon alpha 1) [NCBI Gene 3439] {aka IFL, IFN, IFN-ALPHA, IFN-alphaD, IFNA13, IFNA@} - **Diseases:** Viremia (MESH:D014766), disease (MESH:D004194), Swine Fever Virus (MESH:D006691), Infected (MESH:D007239), hemorrhage (MESH:D006470), injury to (MESH:D014947), stillbirth (MESH:D050497), inflammation (MESH:D007249), fever (MESH:D005334), ASF (MESH:D000357), reproductive disorders (MESH:D060737), viral disease (MESH:D014777), PRRS (MESH:D019318) - **Chemicals:** DMAC (-) - **Species:** Porcine circovirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 85708], African swine fever virus (no rank) [taxon 10497], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (no rank) [taxon 28344], Sus scrofa (pig, species) [taxon 9823], Asfivirus (genus) [taxon 39743] - **Mutations:** I73R, I177L, K196R, Q706L, A104R, A224L, A238L, I329L, C257L, C962R, S273R, L11L, E183L, I177L, C122R, A137R - **Cell lines:** DMAC — Mus musculus (Mouse), Hybridoma (CVCL_U609) ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13030726/full.md ## Figures 2 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13030726/full.md ## References 118 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13030726/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC13030726