# Cytokine-Driven Immune Phenotypes at Delivery as Indicators of Malaria Infection Among Primigravidae in Burkina Faso: An Exploratory Analysis

## TL;DR

This study explores immune profiles in pregnant women at delivery in Burkina Faso to identify malaria infection indicators.

## Contribution

The study identifies distinct cytokine-driven immune profiles associated with malaria infection at delivery in primigravid women.

## Key findings

- Three immune clusters were identified, with the most inflammatory cluster showing elevated IL-6 and TNF-α.
- All women in the most inflammatory cluster tested positive for P. falciparum at delivery.
- Cytokine profiles reflect infection status rather than predictive immune predispositions.

## Abstract

In malaria-endemic regions, women remain vulnerable to Plasmodium falciparum infection at the time of delivery. However, the immunological mechanisms underlying infection-associated inflammation in primigravid women remain poorly characterized. This exploratory study investigated cytokine-based immune profiles reflecting malaria infection status at delivery. We assessed 33 primigravid women from Nanoro, Burkina Faso (mean age 19 years; range 18–20.5) at childbirth. Antibody responses to P. falciparum antigens (PfCSP, PfAMA-1, and EBA-175) and plasma levels of cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) were quantified using enzyme immunoassays. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering, identified three distinct immune profiles: (1) a low-inflammatory cluster with reduced IL-6 and TNF-α, (2) a TNF-α–dominant cluster, and (3) a highly pro-inflammatory cluster with elevated IL-6 and TNF-α. Cluster stability was supported by bootstrap analysis (AU ≥ 92%). All women in the most inflammatory cluster were P. falciparum–positive at delivery (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.04; exploratory association). These cytokine-driven profiles reflect biologically distinct inflammatory states associated with concurrent infection at delivery rather than predictive immune predispositions. The findings underscore the potential of cytokine profiling as a hypothesis-generating tool to guide future longitudinal studies on immune regulation and the postpartum period.