# Diversity of Root System Architecture in Mediterranean Maize Inbred Lines Provides New Breeding Opportunities to Improve Stress Resilience and Resource Efficiency

## TL;DR

This study explores how different root structures in Mediterranean maize can help breed plants that are more resilient to stress and efficient in resource use.

## Contribution

The study identifies diverse root system architectures in maize inbreds that offer new breeding opportunities for stress resilience.

## Key findings

- Significant genotype-specific variation was found in root biomass and architecture traits.
- Stress-resilient and stress-sensitive maize lines did not group by root traits, suggesting multiple tolerance strategies.
- Lines with contrasting root system architectures were identified for resilience breeding.

## Abstract

A detailed characterization of root system architecture (RSA) and growth dynamics is key to develop stress-resilient maize varieties. We evaluated sixty-five Mediterranean maize inbred lines using automated high-throughput phenotyping under controlled conditions. Shoot and root traits were extracted from imaging data during early vegetative development, revealing significant genotype-specific variation in root biomass-related traits (total root length, total root volume), root architecture (root angle, root system depth, root system width), and relative growth rates. Notably, lines previously classified as heat and drought stress-resilient or stress-sensitive based on above-ground development did not group according to particular root traits, indicating that multiple strategies may underlie tolerance to combined stress. We identified lines with contrasting RSA, including deeper roots, shallower roots, or overall larger root systems, that offer new opportunities for resilience breeding. Our results underscore root traits as critical yet underexploited targets for improving stress resilience and resource efficiency.