# Comparative Study of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Young and Mature Coconut Husks as Reinforcement Agents in Sustainable Gelatin-Based Films

## TL;DR

This study compares cellulose nanocrystals from young and mature coconut husks to commercial ones, showing they can reinforce sustainable gelatin films for eco-friendly packaging.

## Contribution

The study introduces a sustainable method to upcycle coconut husk waste into high-performance cellulose nanocrystals for biopolymer films.

## Key findings

- Mature coconut husk CNCs showed superior properties like smaller size, higher surface charge, and better crystallinity compared to young husk CNCs.
- CNC-reinforced gelatin films had improved tensile strength and reduced water vapor permeability, making them suitable for food packaging.
- The use of coconut husk CNCs offers a sustainable alternative with biodegradability and reduced carbon footprint.

## Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are highly desirable nanomaterials for reinforcing biopolymer films. Coconut husks are generated in massive quantities after harvesting and processing, leading to waste management issues. This study isolated and characterized CNCs from young (y-CNCs) and mature (m-CNCs) coconut husks via acid hydrolysis (32% H2SO4, 50 °C, 5 h), comparing them with commercial CNCs (c-CNCs) to evaluate their performance in gelatin-based films. TEM confirmed rod-shaped morphology for all CNCs. Notably, m-CNCs exhibited a smaller particle size (199 nm), a higher surface charge (−46.8 mV), and superior crystallinity (63.98%), demonstrating properties comparable to c-CNCs. FTIR and XRD confirmed characteristic cellulose functional groups and crystalline structure, while TGA demonstrated excellent thermal stability above 300 °C for all samples. Incorporation of CNCs into gelatin films significantly improved tensile strength (from 15.63 to 24.93 MPa) and reduced water vapor permeability (from 2.65 to 2.43 × 10−10 g m m−2 s−1 Pa−1; p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate how coconut husk residues can be upcycled into high-value nanomaterials fostering economic growth with innovation in sustainable manufacturing. This research also promotes responsible waste utilization, highlighting the benefits of biodegradability and a reduced carbon footprint for sustainable food packaging applications.