# Influence of Plant Age and Endophyte Status on the Nematotoxicity of Festulolium loliaceum to Trichodorus primitivus and Quantification of Active Phytochemicals

## TL;DR

This study shows how the age of Festulolium plants and their symbiotic relationship with a fungus affect their ability to kill nematodes, with younger plants being more effective.

## Contribution

The study reveals that endophyte presence and plant age significantly influence the nematotoxicity of Festulolium loliaceum.

## Key findings

- Shoot extracts from 8–12-week-old endophyte-positive plants caused ≥90% nematode immobility at 5000 µg mL−1 after 72 h.
- Endophyte presence significantly lowered LD50 values for root extracts, especially in older plants.
- Flavonoid and phenol content declined with plant age and was negatively correlated with biomass.

## Abstract

Festulolium hybrids are cool-season forage grasses that form symbiotic relationships with the fungus Epichloë uncinata, which produces loline alkaloids that protect the host from herbivores. This study evaluated the nematotoxicity of shoot and root extracts of Festulolium loliaceum against the stubby root nematode Trichodorus primitivus. Methanolic root and shoot extracts from plants aged 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks were tested in vitro at five concentrations (312.5–5000 µg mL−1) over 24, 48, and 72 h. Nematode immobility, mortality, and phytochemical profiles, including flavonoids, loline alkaloids, and phenols, were quantified. Extracts from shoots caused significant concentration and time-dependent immobility of T. primitivus (p = 0.001), reaching ≥90% at 5000 µg mL−1 after 72 h in 8–12-week-old plants. Endophyte presence enhanced nematotoxicity, where LD50 values for E+ roots were two-fold lower at 12 weeks and fifty-fold lower at 20 weeks compared with E− root extracts. Shoot extracts of E+ grass had the highest nematicidal activity at 8 weeks, with a significantly lower LD50 value than E− (p < 0.05). Loline alkaloid concentrations increased with plant age, while flavonoids and phenols declined. Nematotoxicity of F. loliaceum extracts was strongly influenced by plant age and endophyte presence. Younger E+ shoots produced the most potent shoot extracts, whereas older plants produced the most potent root extracts. Flavonoid content was negatively correlated with shoot biomass (R = −0.94, p < 0.001). Similarly, phenol content was negatively correlated to both root biomass (R = −0.79, p < 0.001) and shoot biomass (R = −0.67, p < 0.005).