# A Wireless Sensor Platform for Beehive Monitoring

## TL;DR

This paper presents a wireless sensor platform to monitor beehives in real-time, helping assess bee stress levels from external disturbances.

## Contribution

A new wireless sensor board was designed and validated for real-time monitoring of beehive conditions.

## Key findings

- Bee colonies responded to knocks with a temperature increase of over 5 °C.
- CO2 concentration increased by 3000 to over 10,000 ppm during disturbances.
- Relative humidity inside beehives dropped by about 10% when bees were disturbed.

## Abstract

Honey bees are very important to the ecological environment and human society, contributing significantly to biodiversity and global food security, with an estimated annual impact of $15 billion in crop pollination in the USA. Over 62% of honey bee colony decline has been observed between June 2024 and February 2025. This study investigates bee stress level monitoring due to external disturbances like mechanical vibrations by measuring internal air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 gas concentration levels of beehives. A new wireless sensor board for real-time monitoring of honey bee colonies was designed, built, and validated. The board incorporates NDIR-based SCD30 and SCD41 sensors for CO2, temperature, and humidity monitoring, integrated with a custom-designed two-layer printed circuit board and a Particle ArgonTM microprocessor for Wi-Fi communication. The developed board was tested and validated with live beehives in summer and winter of 2024 and 2025. The experimental study results showed the adequacy of the built sensor board. Bee colony responses on the applied stimuli (knocks) show that bees responded with a temperature increase of over 5 °C, CO2 concentration increase by 3000 to over 10,000 ppm, and, at the same time, relative humidity drop by about 10% inside beehives.