# Cell-Based Immuno-Biosensors Using Microfluidics

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in using microfluidics with immune cells to create biosensors that can detect disease markers in real time and with high sensitivity.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of microfluidic immuno-biosensors and their integration with advanced technologies like imaging and machine learning.

## Key findings

- Microfluidic immuno-biosensors enable label-free detection of biomarkers with high sensitivity.
- Integration with organ-on-chip and advanced imaging enhances the precision and portability of these systems.
- Challenges include standardization, cell heterogeneity, and clinical translation of these technologies.

## Abstract

Cell-based immuno-biosensors are novel platforms for studying immune responses of biological cells, with real-time insights more similar to physiological and pathological conditions. These systems utilize living immune cells as their main components, enabling them to detect disease-related biomarkers and cellular traits in a way that is often highly sensitive and label-free. Integration with microfluidics and organ-on-chip technologies has facilitated precise manipulational control over the cellular microenvironment. Not only has this resulted in high-throughput screening, but it also enabled smaller, more portable systems which can be used at the point of care. In this work, we review the recent advance in microfluidic cell-based immuno-biosensing associated with immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, T cell and dendrite cells. Some of the exciting developments include fusion with methods such as advanced imaging, electrical impedance sensing and application of machine learning to phenotyping. We will also elaborate on the issues related to the standardization of these systems, cell heterogeneity, and the challenges for translating these technologies for clinical application. Taken together, such integrated platforms have potential to fill the gap left in-between cellular immunology with biosensor engineering.