# MSQPSO-Optimized MSCC-CAE for Sensor Fault Detection and Localization in Small Modular Reactors

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method for detecting and locating sensor faults in small modular reactors using an optimized deep learning framework.

## Contribution

The novel MSCC-CAE framework with MSQPSO optimization improves fault detection accuracy in SMRs.

## Key findings

- MSCC-CAE achieves 98.21% fault detection accuracy, surpassing CNN and CAE models.
- The method reaches 97.12% fault localization accuracy in SMR simulations.

## Abstract

As small modular reactors (SMRs) evolve towards longer lifespans, autonomous operation, and high reliability, the accuracy and reliability of sensor data are crucial for ensuring the safe operation of nuclear power systems. To improve the accuracy of multi-source sensor fault detection and localization in small reactors, this paper proposes a multi-scale cross-correlation-based convolutional autoencoder (MSCC-CAE) framework. First, multiple sensor cross-correlation matrices are constructed across multiple time scales to explicitly characterize the dynamic coupling relationships between heterogeneous sensors. These multi-scale correlation features can effectively capture both short- and long-term dependencies among sensors. Then, a convolutional autoencoder is used to compress and reconstruct the correlation matrix, thereby learning low-dimensional discriminative representations for fault detection. To enhance the stability and generalization of the proposed framework, a multi-strategy improved quantum particle swarm optimization (MSQPSO) algorithm is proposed to adaptively optimize key network hyperparameters. Finally, the proposed method was validated using data from an SMR simulation model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MSCC-CAE achieves a fault detection accuracy of 98.21%, outperforming CNN and conventional CAE models by 15.17 and 12.04 percentage points, respectively. The localization accuracy reaches 97.12%. These results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed framework for intelligent sensor fault detection in the SMR system.