# Anatomical Changes in the Peel of Sun-Damaged Pomegranates (Punica granatum L. cv. Hicaznar)

## TL;DR

This study examines how sunburn affects the peel of pomegranates and identifies early signs of damage to help prevent it.

## Contribution

The study identifies early anatomical indicators of sunburn in pomegranates and determines the optimal timing for preventive measures.

## Key findings

- Sunburn damage in pomegranate peels starts in the cuticle layer and progresses to deeper tissues.
- Phenolic accumulation, cell-wall thickening, and lignification are early indicators of sunburn before visible symptoms appear.
- Preventive measures should be applied before visible symptoms to effectively mitigate sunburn damage.

## Abstract

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a major fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions, but changing climatic conditions—especially rising temperatures and intense solar radiation—are increasing physiological disorders. Sunburn, a key heat- and light-induced disorder, causes peel discoloration and tissue damage. This results in significant yield loss and reduced fruit quality. The objective of this study was to characterize sunburn-induced anatomical changes in the widely grown, highly sensitive Hicaznar cultivar in Türkiye, and to identify the optimal phenological stage for the application of sunburn-preventive practices. For this purpose, pomegranate fruit peels were fixed in FAA (Formalin–Acetic Acid–Alcohol) solution, embedded in paraffin blocks, and sectioned at a thickness of 5–7 µm. The sections were stained using the hematoxylin–eosin method and examined under a light microscope. The images captured with a digital camera wereanalyzed and revealed that sunburn damage in the pomegranate peel first appears in the cuticle layer, followed by disruption and fragmentation of the cutaneous and epidermal layers beneath it, and ultimately leads to damage of the parenchyma cells. Furthermore, Light microscopy showed that before visible discoloration, cells near the epidermis undergo phenolic accumulation, cell-wall thickening, and lignification, which are early indicators of sunburn. These microscopic changes provide early diagnostic features for detecting sunburn damage before external symptoms manifest. The study concluded that anatomical changes begin before the visible symptoms of sunburn appear on the fruit, and the most appropriate timing for applying preventive measures against sunburn has been identified. Light microscopy showed that before visible discoloration, cells near the epidermis undergo phenolic accumulation, cell-wall thickening, and lignification, which are early indicators of sunburn.