# Preventive Effect of Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Chronic Colitis in Mice

## TL;DR

This study shows that Chenopodium formosanum, a cereal from Taiwan, can reduce chronic colitis in mice by lowering inflammation and improving gut bacteria.

## Contribution

The novel finding is that djulis consumption reduces DSS-induced colitis in mice, particularly at high doses.

## Key findings

- High-dose djulis significantly reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores compared to lower doses and the control group.
- Djulis consumption restored colon length and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and NF-κB in DSS-treated mice.
- Mice fed high-dose djulis showed beneficial changes in gut microbiota composition.

## Abstract

Background: Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. (djulis) is an indigenous cereal crop native to Taiwan, and its effects on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) warrant exploration. The present study investigated whether the consumption of djulis can alleviate chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice. Methods: Forty mice were randomly divided into five groups: blank group (B), control group (C), low-dose group (L), medium-dose group (M), and high-dose group (H). Body weight and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded throughout this study. Groups C, L, M, and H were administered 2% DSS water on days 1–5 and 10–15 to induce chronic colitis. Groups L, M, and H were administered 5%, 10%, and 15% djulis, respectively. Serum and colon samples were collected for further analysis. Results: The DAI scores of groups L, M, and H were significantly lower than those of group C (p < 0.05), and the DAI scores of group H on day 18 were significantly lower than those of group L (p < 0.05). Colon length analysis revealed that DSS intervention significantly shortened colon length in group C (p < 0.05), whereas mice consuming djulis (groups L, M, and H) exhibited a restoration of colon length, with the effect being most pronounced in group H. DSS significantly increased the secretion of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum, such as interleukin (IL)-1β (p < 0.05), and the expression of some pro-inflammatory proteins in the colon, such as the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) (p < 0.05); however, djulis reversed these effects (especially in group H). In addition, mice in group H exhibited beneficial gut microbiota. Conclusions: Djulis alleviated chronic colitis in mice by reducing inflammation and modulating the gut microbiota. Further research is required to confirm these potential benefits in humans and elucidate the mechanisms involved.