# Adequate Dietary Diversity Versus Suboptimal Diet Quality: The Paradox of Food Insecurity Among International Students in Hungary

## TL;DR

Many international students in Hungary face food insecurity despite eating a diverse diet, highlighting the need for better support systems.

## Contribution

This study provides empirical evidence on food insecurity and dietary diversity among international students in Hungary.

## Key findings

- 62% of international students experienced food insecurity, with 25% moderately and 20% severely affected.
- 97% achieved high dietary diversity, but only 31% had high food variety.
- Socioeconomic factors like scholarship status and income were significant predictors of dietary diversity.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food insecurity remains a growing public health concern among university populations, particularly international students who often face financial constraints, limited social support, and cultural adaptation challenges. This study investigated the association between food insecurity and dietary diversity among international students in Hungary, a population for whom empirical evidence remains limited. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 380 international university students using a structured questionnaire comprising sociodemographic items, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), and a quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary diversity was assessed through Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS) and Food Variety Score (FVS). Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, ANOVA, correlation analyses, and multiple regression using IBM SPSS 28.0. Results: Overall, 62% of participants experienced food insecurity, with 25% moderately and 20% severely food insecure, while 17% were classified as mildly food insecure. While 97% achieved high dietary diversity, only 31% exhibited high food variety. Group comparisons indicated differences in FGDS across food security categories (p = 0.006), whereas FVS did not differ significantly (p = 0.411). In multivariable regression models adjusting for socioeconomic and behavioural factors, food security status was not independently associated with FGDS or FVS. However, scholarship status, monthly income, employment, and meal skipping were significant predictors of dietary diversity indicators. Conclusions: These findings suggest that while food insecurity is prevalent among international students, socioeconomic resources and behavioural factors may play a more prominent role in shaping dietary diversity outcomes. Universities and policymakers should prioritise equitable food access, culturally inclusive meal services, and ongoing monitoring of student food security to promote nutrition equity and academic well-being.