# Imperatorin: A Furanocoumarin with Potential in Combating Cancer Development and Progression—A Comprehensive Review

## TL;DR

This review explores imperatorin, a natural compound with potential to fight cancer by targeting multiple pathways, but highlights the need for more research to understand its full potential and safety.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of imperatorin's antitumor mechanisms and challenges, emphasizing the need for improved delivery and further mechanistic studies.

## Key findings

- Imperatorin induces apoptosis, inhibits proliferation, and suppresses angiogenesis in cancer models.
- It modulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and oncogenic pathways like PI3K/Akt and NF-κB.
- Pharmacokinetic challenges include low bioavailability and plasma protein binding.

## Abstract

Imperatorin, a naturally occurring furanocoumarin found in several medicinal plants, has attracted considerable scientific interest due to its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and emerging relevance in oncology. In recent years, an increasing number of experimental studies have investigated its biological effects and molecular mechanisms across different tumor models. Due to this, the review synthesizes the current preclinical and pharmacological evidence on imperatorin in cancer, with the aim of consolidating the main mechanistic pathways involved in its antitumor activity, identifying its therapeutic opportunities, and highlighting existing challenges and future research perspectives. Available in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that imperatorin exerts multi-targeted antitumor effects, including the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, suppression of angiogenesis, modulation of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammation, and disruption of oncogenic signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, mTOR, and NF-κB. Imperatorin also influences the tumor microenvironment by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators, impairing stromal–tumor cross-talk, and enhancing immune-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, we also summarize pharmacokinetic and safety limitations that hinder clinical translation, including low oral bioavailability, extensive plasma protein binding, cytochrome P450 interactions, and insufficient toxicological data. In parallel, we highlight recent advances in the genetics and biosynthesis of imperatorin, which support perspectives for sustainable production and structural optimization of imperatorin derivatives. Finally, we outline key knowledge gaps and future directions, including improved delivery strategies, investigation of additional regulatory pathways, and more robust in vivo and translational studies, emphasizing that imperatorin remains a promising yet still incompletely characterized anticancer candidate. The review highlights the need for more comprehensive pharmacokinetic and safety assessments, as well as the development of improved delivery systems to address absorption and stability challenges. Further research into imperatorin’s effects on autophagy, ferroptosis, metabolic reprogramming, and the immune microenvironment is essential to deepen mechanistic understanding. Additionally, fully elucidating the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for imperatorin formation may facilitate sustainable production and the design of structurally optimized analogs.