# Pathogens on High-Touch Surfaces in an Arid Megacity: A Longitudinal Molecular Surveillance Study

## TL;DR

This study tracks pathogens on high-touch surfaces in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, finding that heat influences viral presence and hospitals and airports are key hotspots.

## Contribution

The study provides the first molecular surveillance baseline of pathogens on surfaces in an arid megacity and links heat to viral persistence.

## Key findings

- 19 out of 55 pooled surface samples tested positive for pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus, and Cryptosporidium.
- Hospitals and airports were primary hubs for respiratory viruses, while ATMs frequently had Cryptosporidium.
- Higher ambient temperature was significantly associated with detecting viral rather than non-viral pathogens.

## Abstract

Contaminated environmental surfaces (fomites) act as pathogen reservoirs, yet surveillance data in arid megacities like Riyadh, Saudi Arabia—characterized by extreme heat and indoor climate control—remain limited. This study established a city-wide molecular baseline for surface contamination and evaluated meteorological influences. We conducted a stratified, longitudinal study (February 2023–May 2024), collecting 270 swabs from seven zones, including hospitals, airports, ATMs, and community hubs. Samples were pooled (N = 55) and screened using QIAstat-Dx multiplex PCR panels. Nineteen pools (34.5%) tested positive. Viral pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus) were detected in 10 pools (18.2%) and non-viral pathogens (bacteria/parasites) in 13 pools (23.6%), with 7.3% co-detections. Hospitals and airports emerged as primary hubs for respiratory viruses, while Cryptosporidium was the most frequent non-viral pathogen (n = 6), predominating on ATM interfaces. Binary logistic regression indicated that higher ambient temperature was significantly associated with detecting viral rather than non-viral pathogens among positive samples (OR = 1.728, p = 0.032). Despite outdoor aridity, public surfaces in Riyadh harbored diverse pathogens. The link between heat and viral detection suggests indoor microclimates drive persistence during hot seasons, necessitating targeted hygiene measures in high-risk nodes.