# Beyond Point-like Defects in Bulk Semiconductors: Junction Spectroscopy Techniques for Perovskite Solar Cells and 2D Materials

## TL;DR

This review discusses how junction spectroscopy techniques can study defects in new materials like perovskite solar cells and 2D materials.

## Contribution

The paper reviews the adaptation of junction spectroscopy techniques for non-classical systems like perovskites and 2D materials.

## Key findings

- JSTs have been extended to study defects in complex systems like perovskite solar cells.
- The review highlights the capabilities and limitations of JSTs in emerging materials.
- JSTs remain relevant for advancing next-generation semiconductor materials.

## Abstract

Junction spectroscopy techniques (JSTs) are powerful tools for investigating electrically active defects in semiconductors. Originally developed to study point-like defects in bulk semiconductors, JSTs have since been extended to increasingly complex systems, providing valuable insights into defect energetics and interactions. This review paper outlines the fundamental principles of JSTs and critically examines their application to emerging materials, such as perovskite solar cells and two-dimensional (2D) materials. By highlighting both the capabilities and limitations of JSTs in these non-classical systems, the review demonstrates their continued relevance and important role in advancing next-generation semiconductor materials and devices.